天津的大伙伴 发表于 2020-2-26 04:21:26

业余无线电HAM

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vertical-align: middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="75" height="150"></span></div></div><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: inherit;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">天线</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自动链路建立" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Automatic Link Establishment"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">自动链路建立</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="mw-redirect">自动位置回报系统</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">呼号</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="業餘無線電愛好者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio operator"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">业余无线电爱好者</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="竞赛(业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contesting"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">竞赛(业余无线电)</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">无线电测向运动</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DX通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DX communication"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">DX通信</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="DX远征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="DX-pedition"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">DX远征</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电应急通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio emergency communications"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">应急通信</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">频率划分</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">火腿节</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高速多媒体电台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="High speed multimedia"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">高速多媒体电台</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高速电报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="High Speed Telegraphy"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">高速电报</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自制(业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio homebrew"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">自制</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网电台连接计划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet Radio Linking Project"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">IRLP</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海上业余无线电" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maritime mobile amateur radio"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">船用电台</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电奖项" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio operating award"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">奖项</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">报文无线电</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="移动操作(业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portable operation (amateur radio)"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">移动操作</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="QRP操作" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QRP operation"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">QRP操作</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">QSL卡</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电卫星" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio satellite"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">卫星</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of amateur radio software"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">软件</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Skywarn" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Skywarn"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">Skywarn</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特殊活动电台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Special event station"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">特殊活动电台</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余业务电台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio station"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">业余业务电台</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电电视" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur television"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">电视</span></span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="复古业余电台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vintage amateur radio"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new">复古业余电台</span></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: right; font-size: 15.1881px;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; font-weight: normal;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;">查</abbr></span></li><li class="nv-talk" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="new"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;">论</abbr></span></li><li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none !important; white-space: nowrap; padding: 0px !important;" class="external text"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;">编</abbr></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amateurfunkstation.jpg/220px-Amateurfunkstation.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="165"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">具有四台收发信机、功放以及一台作日志和数字模式使用的计算机的业余无线电台的实例。房间墙壁上挂有业余无线电的奖状、证书以及外国电台寄来的QSL卡片。</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>业余无线电</b>(英语:<span lang="en"><b>Amateur Radio</b></span>),也被称作<b>火腿电台</b>(英语:<span lang="en"><b>ham radio</b></span>)是一种供业余无线电爱好者进行相互通信、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">无线通讯</span>技术实验、自我训练、个人娱乐、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radiosport"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">无线电运动</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="竞赛 (业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contesting"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">竞赛</span></span></span>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电应急通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio emergency communications"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">应急通信</span></span></span>的一项使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">无线电频率</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">频谱</span>的无线电业务。其中“业余无线电爱好者”指“经正式批准的、对无线电技术有兴趣的人,其兴趣纯系个人爱好而不涉及谋取利润”。<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 1]</span></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>业余无线电与<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">商业广播</span>、安全业务无线电<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 2]</span></sup></span>或者其他专业<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双向无线电" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Two-way radio"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">双向无线电</span></span></span>业务<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 3]</span></sup></span>存在区别,业余无线电并非这些专业无线电业务的业余形式,也不是有关这些业务的业余爱好,而是一项独立的无线电业务。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>业余无线电业务</b>(包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">业余业务</span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卫星业余业务" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur-satellite service"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">卫星业余业务</span></span></span>)由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际电信联盟</span>(ITU)通过《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电规则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radio Regulations"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">无线电规则</span></span></span>》设立<sup id="cite_ref-RR_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">(1.56)</sup>。在国家层面上,政府对业余无线电业务进行管理,并为每一个独立的业余电台指配<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">呼号</span><span>&nbsp;</span>。“准”业余无线电爱好者将接受考试,以检测其对无线电技术和所在国无线电法规的掌握。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者使用语音、文字、图像和数据等形式,借助<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">无线电波</span>,跨越城市、国家和大洲的距离相互通信,甚至与空间站和卫星建立通信链路。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在国际上,业余无线电业务由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际业余无线电联盟</span>(IARU)代表和协调,国际业余无线电联盟由全国性业余无线电协会<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 4]</span></sup></span>组成。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">根据2011年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国无线电中继联盟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Radio Relay League"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">美国无线电中继联盟</span></span></span>(ARRL)的统计,全球共有约200万人参与业余无线电活动。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>其中约有83万<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余业务电台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="amateur radio station"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余业务电台</span></span></span>位于IARU区域2(美洲),约75万位于IARU区域3(亚太地区),约40万位于IARU区域1(欧洲、中东、独联体国家和非洲)。</p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 14.2576px; display: table;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 14.2576px; font-weight: bold; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">目录</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 13.4021px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">历史</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">火腿电台</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">活动</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">通联</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">通联程序</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">中继台</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">空间通信</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">应急通信</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">竞赛</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">新手</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">许可</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">获得执照</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">跨国操作</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">呼号</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">操作权利</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">频段</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">设备</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">功率</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">频率使用规范和频率划分</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">通联模式</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">语音模式</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">图像模式</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">无线电报</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">数字模式</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">参见</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">注释</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">参考文献</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">延伸阅读</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">外部链接</span></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="历史">历史</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">主条目:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of amateur radio"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余无线电历史</span></span></span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mw0rkbshack.jpg/220px-Mw0rkbshack.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="778" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="143"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">位于英国的一个业余无线电台。配备有数台供不同波段和模式使用的收发信机,以及一台用于电台控制、数据模式、软件定义无线电和日志记录的计算机。</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电的诞生可以追溯到19世纪末,但现代意义上的业余无线电活动起始于20世纪初。出版于1909年的《美国无线协会第一版年度官方无线蓝皮书》(英语:<span lang="en"><i>First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America</i></span>)包含了一份业余无线电台的列表。<sup id="cite_ref-bluebook1909_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>这份<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼号手册" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Broadcast_call_signs#Callbooks"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">呼号手册</span></span></span>列举了加拿大和美国的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">无线电报</span>电台,包括89个业余电台。与其他无线电业务一样,业余无线电也与各种业余实验和爱好相关。业余无线电爱好者在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">科学</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">工程</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">工业</span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会服务" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="social services"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">社会服务</span></span></span>领域做出了巨大贡献。由业余无线电操作员进行的研究建立了新的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">产业</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>促进了经济发展,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>提升了国家实力,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>并且多次在紧急情况下拯救了生命。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARRL-whatis_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>业余无线电也在课堂中被用于教授英语、地图阅读技巧、地理知识、数学、科学和计算机技术。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.81.AB.E8.85.BF.E7.94.B5.E5.8F.B0"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="火腿电台">火腿电台</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">主条目:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="火腿电台的词源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Etymology of ham radio"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">火腿电台的词源</span></span></span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">“火腿”一词最早是作为19世纪专业有线电报操作员嘲笑“报务技术较差的操作员”(英语:<span lang="en"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none;" class="extiw"><b>ham</b>-fisted</span></span>)的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">贬义</span>词。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>这一词被沿用至了随后无线电技术的发明以及有关无线电报的业余无线电实验的激增;在陆地或水上电台的专业无线电操作员眼中,“火腿”电台操作员十分讨厌。“火腿”一词的“业余或水平低下”的词义(英语:<span lang="en">"ham actor"</span>)在其他学科仍沿用至今。<sup id="cite_ref-dict_ham_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电社群随后开始将“火腿”一词视作荣耀的象征,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>随后在20世纪中叶,“火腿”一词已经没有了原来的贬义。虽然“火腿”(英语:<span lang="en">ham</span>)并非一个缩合词<sup id="cite_ref-dict_ham_20-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,有时其也被误拼写为全大写的“HAM”。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在中文环境中,<b>火腿族</b>为通过业余无线电考试的爱好者,至于<b>香肠族</b>则为大中华地区创出的名词,指的是尚未通过业余无线电考试、正在学习的无线电玩家。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.B4.BB.E5.8A.A8"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="活动">活动</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电丰富的活动吸引了大量的爱好者。许多爱好者从无线电通联<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 5]</span></sup></span>开始了这项爱好,并将这项爱好与其他个人兴趣结合起来,追求个人的快乐。<sup id="cite_ref-whatdohamsdo_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>业余无线电爱好者热衷的重点领域包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="竞赛(业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="contesting"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">无线电竞赛</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电传播" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radio propagation"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">无线电传播</span></span></span>研究、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自制(业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio homebrew"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">技术试验</span></span></span>以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电应急通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio emergency communications"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">应急通信</span></span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-whatdohamsdo_28-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.81.94"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="通联">通联</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电操作员使用他们的业余电台,利用空中的电波与其他爱好者通联,通联的内容多种多样,爱好者们可以只交换必要的信息,也可以讨论技术,通联甚至可以仅仅是一场“火腿神聊”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 6]</span></sup></span>(英语:<span lang="en">rag chew sessions</span>),但是,业余电台禁止从事商业或其他与盈利有关的活动,业余无线电爱好者也应当避免在通联中谈论政治和宗教等容易引发争论的话题。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protocol_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">一些爱好者也参加定期举行的、被称为“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电台网" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio net"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">台网</span></span></span>”的“空中”聚会,台网由其中以为被称作“台网主控”的电台主持。<sup id="cite_ref-netcontrol_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>台网为爱好者们提供了学习应急通信程序、组成讨论小组、交流爱好的机会。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.81.94.E7.A8.8B.E5.BA.8F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="通联程序">通联程序</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><table style="font-size: 15.008px; margin: auto;"><tbody><tr><th>语音模式(汉语)</th><th>语音模式(英语)</th><th>电报或数字模式</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(240, 171, 178); background: rgb(255, 235, 236); padding: 20px;" width="1000"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">CQ<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 7]</span></sup></span><span>&nbsp;</span>CQ CQ, 这里是BI8CKU,Bravo India Eight Charlie Kilo Uniform<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 8]</span></sup></span>,BI8CKU呼叫CQ,等待应答。<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU,这里是BI8DJW,Bravo India Eight Delta Juliet Whiskey,BI8DJW呼叫。<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8DJW,这里是BI8CKU,您的信号是59<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 9]</span></sup></span>,我的信号怎么样?完毕。<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU,这里是BI8DJW,您的信号也是59。完毕。<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8DJW,很高兴与您通联。73<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 10]</span></sup></span>,再见。这里是BI8CKU,结束通联。<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU,这里是BI8DJW,73,再见。<br></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(255, 234, 113); background: rgb(255, 249, 209); padding: 20px;" width="1000"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">CQ CQ CQ, this is BI8CKU, Bravo India Eight Charlie Kilo Uniform, BI8CKU calling CQ and standing by.<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU, this is BI8DJW, Bravo India Eight Delta Juliet Whiskey, BI8DJW calling.<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8DJW, this is BI8CKU, your signal is 59. How is my signal? Over.<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU, this is BI8DJW, your signal is 59, too. Over.<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8DJW, thank you for the contact, 73 and bye-bye. This is BI8CKU, signing off.<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU, this is BI8DJW, 73 and bye-bye.<br></p></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(206, 242, 224); background: rgb(245, 255, 250); padding: 20px;" width="1000"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">CQ CQ CQ DE BI8CKU BI8CKU BI8CKU K<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU DE BI8DJW BI8DJW BI8DJW K<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8DJW UR RST 599 K<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU UR RST 599 K<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8DJW TNX FER QSO 73 ES GB DE BI8CKU SK<br></p><hr style="box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; overflow: visible; background-color: rgb(162, 169, 177); border: 0px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">BI8CKU DE BI8DJW 73 ES GB SK<br></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电通联遵循一定的格式和习惯。一次通联通常以一个电台在频率上呼叫CQ开始,CQ代表广泛呼叫<sup id="cite_ref-ham-radio-glossary_37-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,即呼叫此刻频率上的任何电台;紧接着,有兴趣通联的另一个电台回复并报出自己的呼号,在双方都抄收对方呼号后,双方需要交换<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">信号报告</span>,交换完毕后,一次通联即告成功,此时双方可以继续就感兴趣的话题深入交流,或直接互相告别结束通联;在通联结束后,双方必须将此次通联的关键信息<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 11]</span></sup></span>记入电台日志,许多爱好者也会互相交换<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">QSL卡片</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-protocol_31-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E7.BB.A7.E5.8F.B0"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="中继台">中继台</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">为了提升通信范围,业余无线电爱好者也架设<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电中继台" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio repeater"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">中继台</span></span></span>。这些中继台通常位于地势较高处,能够转发和放大手持机和移动<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">收发信机</span>的信号,从而能使得<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">VHF</span>以及更高频率的信号覆盖更广的范围。<sup id="cite_ref-fsat_41-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>中继台也能通过其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">频点</span>、有线链路或<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网电台连接计划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet Radio Linking Project"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">互联网</span></span></span>组成网络,从而提供更广的通信范围。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.A9.BA.E9.97.B4.E9.80.9A.E4.BF.A1"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="空间通信">空间通信</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg/220px-ISS-24_Doug_Wheelock_uses_ham_radio_system_1.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="147"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">NASA宇航员<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道格·惠洛克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Doug Wheelock"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">道格·惠洛克</span></span></span>上校,呼号KF5BOC,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="远征24号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Expedition 24"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">远征24号</span></span></span>任务飞行机师,正在操作业余无线电台NA1SS,电台位于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际空间站</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">星辰号服务舱</span>,设备为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">建伍</span>TM-D700E收发信机。</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1961年12月12日,业余无线电爱好者将第一颗<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电卫星" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio satellite"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余无线电卫星</span></span></span>“奥斯卡1号”(英语:<span lang="en">OSCAR-1,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>O</b>rbiting<span>&nbsp;</span><b>S</b>atellite<span>&nbsp;</span><b>C</b>arrying<span>&nbsp;</span><b>A</b>mateur<span>&nbsp;</span><b>R</b>adio</span>)送上了太空,这标志了业余无线电进入了空间时代。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>爱好者可以使用超短波收发信机和高增益定向天线与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电卫星" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio satellite"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余无线电卫星</span></span></span>连线,通过卫星对信号的转发实现远距离通信。<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">月球是地球的天然卫星,早在1940年就有工程师提出了利用月面反射无线电信号进行远距离通信的设想<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,但由于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="月面反射通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="EME (communications)"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">月面反射通信</span></span></span>(EME)极高的路径损耗和更有效的卫星通信技术的出现,EME一直没有得到实际运用。火腿族继承了这一未竟的事业,1953年,美国的两位爱好者成功进行了业余无线电第一次EME通信实验。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>月面反射通信相较于卫星通信,需要电台和天线具有更高的灵敏度和增益,也要求爱好者拥有更高的技术,被视作为业余无线电超短波通信的巅峰。<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>火腿族也利用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">极光</span>以及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">流星</span>的电离尾迹反射无线电信号进行通联。<sup id="cite_ref-WJST_50-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1983年11月28日,呼号为W5LFL的宇航员<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">欧文·加里欧特</span>在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">STS-9</span>任务中使用手持式业余电台与地面成功通联,成为了在太空中操作业余电台的第一人,他的这一行动成功向NASA展示了业余无线电对于科普的积极作用,由此开启了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="航天飞机业余电台实验计划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">航天飞机业余电台实验计划</span></span></span>(英语:<span lang="en">Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment, SAREX</span>)。随后,这一计划被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际空间站业余无线电计划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur Radio on the International Space Station"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">国际空间站业余无线电计划</span></span></span>(英语:<span lang="en">Amateur Radio on the International Space Station, ARISS</span>)继承。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际空间站</span>上的许多<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">宇航员</span>同时也是拥有执照的业余无线电操作员,他们不时与地面的业余电台通联。学校可以向ARISS申请约定时间与空间站通联,为学生提供与宇航员直接通话的机会。<sup id="cite_ref-ARISS_52-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astrohams_53-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.BA.94.E6.80.A5.E9.80.9A.E4.BF.A1"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="应急通信">应急通信</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电是应急通信的重要手段。<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>相较于商业无线电系统,业余无线电在抗毁性方面具有明显的优势。业余无线电是分散于民间的通信资源,以具备一定无线电技术的业余爱好者和业余电台作为独立的运作单元,经过适当训练的爱好者可以自行完成架设天线、设置电台和排除故障的任务,在灾害发生后可以以最小的需求迅速开通联络。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crac_emcomm_56-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>此外,全球的业余电台共用频率资源,每一时刻都有一定数目的电台在频率上守听,许多爱好者也对微弱信号有良好的分辨能力,这使得灾区发出的求救信号更容易获得回应。<sup id="cite_ref-crac_emcomm_56-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.AB.9E.E8.B5.9B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="竞赛">竞赛</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">为了挑战自我、检验技术,许多业余无线电操作员参与业余无线电竞赛,在竞赛中,个人或团队通常需要在特定时间内在尽量多的波段上寻找尽可能多的电台并于他们通联。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>国际上有许多此类“空中”的竞赛<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E6.89.8B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="新手">新手</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">许多人从寻找当地的俱乐部开始业余无线电生涯,俱乐部通常能提供有关执照的信息、当地的操作习惯以及技术指导。<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>新手也常买书或利用其他资料自学,有时借助老手的帮助,帮助新手入门的老火腿在英语国家的火腿族中通常被称作“Elmer”。<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>在本地俱乐部的基础上,许多国家也建立了全国性的业余无线电协会<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,协会鼓励新手参见业余无线电活动,与政府通信管理部门合作促进业余无线电的发展。<sup id="cite_ref-CRACobjectives_66-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E8.AE.B8.E5.8F.AF"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="许可">许可</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="Justice and law.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Justice_and_law.svg/20px-Justice_and_law.svg.png" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="801" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" height="20"></span><span>&nbsp;</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">维基百科</span>的法律内容只供参考,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect"><b>并不能视作专业意见</b></span>。任何法律问题应咨询相关<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">司法管辖权</span>地方的专业法律人员。</div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Amateur_Radio_License_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28Fixed_Station%29.jpg/220px-Amateur_Radio_License_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%28Fixed_Station%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="8233" data-file-height="11709" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="313"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">中国大陆的业余无线电执照</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/USA_FCC_Amateur_Radio_License.jpg/220px-USA_FCC_Amateur_Radio_License.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="3824" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="264"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">美国的业余无线电执照</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">无线电波的传播不因国界而停止,属于国际事务,并且存在潜在的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">地下非法使用</span>,因此无线电业务在各国都被政府严格管控。这一情况也适用于业余无线电,因此,业余无线电爱好者必须申请许可和执照才能合法开展业余无线电活动。业余无线电执照和业余无线电操作权利的管理法规和因国家而异,但总的来说遵循<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际电信联盟</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">世界无线电行政会议</span>(WARC)确立的国际条例和标准。<sup id="cite_ref-ituars_67-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itu_exam_rec_68-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">所有允许其国民申请业余无线电执照的国家都要求操作员对基本的知识和要点有足够的了解,以通过考试作为判断的标准。<sup id="cite_ref-ham_exam_69-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itu_exam_rec_68-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>业余无线电执照赋予了火腿族在相对较广的业余<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">无线电频率</span>上操作、广泛使用各式无线电技术、以及使用相对于免执照公众业务<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 12]</span></sup></span>更高的发射功率的权利,但通常也要求使用经过核准的,模式、工作频率以及功率合规的设备。<sup id="cite_ref-bandplan_71-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USbands_72-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rigs_73-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者必须通过考试以获得业余无线电执照。<sup id="cite_ref-ham_exam_69-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>执照考试又通常分为多级,更高级的考试通常更具挑战性,同时通过更高级的考试后爱好者可以获得更多的操作权限<sup id="cite_ref-USbands_72-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>:更多频段、更高的发射功率、允许进行通信实验以及在一些国家可以获得能体现等级的高级呼号<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 13]</span></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-callsign_class_75-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。在一些国家,爱好者在通过笔试的基础上还要通过实际操作考试,才能获得执照。<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在大多数国家,在给爱好者颁发执照的同时,管理机构还会给业余无线电操作员指配一个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">呼号</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>在一些国家,不光是爱好者本人,爱好者操作的业余业务电台也需要获颁“电台的执照”(英语:<span lang="en">"station license"</span>)。<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>组织和俱乐部也可以获颁业余无线电执照。而在一些国家,火腿族曾经<i>只</i>允许操作集体电台。<sup id="cite_ref-CQ现代通信_79-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电执照只在颁发国和与颁发国签订了双边条约的国家中有效。在一些国家,如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">叙利亚</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">古巴</span>,外国人只被允许操作集体电台。<span>&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在一些国家,爱好者必须持有业余无线电执照才可以购买或拥有业余无线电设备。<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%E8%80%81%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%E6%89%A7%E7%85%A7%E5%A3%B3.jpg/220px-%E8%80%81%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%E6%89%A7%E7%85%A7%E5%A3%B3.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1824" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="100"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">老式中华人民共和国无线电台执照壳</div></div></div><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.8E.B7.E5.BE.97.E6.89.A7.E7.85.A7"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="获得执照">获得执照</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">对个人来说,“准”业余无线电操作员需要参加考试<sup id="cite_ref-ham_exam_69-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,以评估他们对于电子学的技术要点、无线电设备、天线、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电传播" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="radio propagation"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">无线电传播</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">射频</span>安全以及所在国业余无线电法规等知识的了解程度。<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itu_exam_rec_68-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>考试通常是以选择题的形式呈现。<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>考试一般由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">政府官员</span>、获准的义务考官或者已经获颁执照的操作员主办。<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>个人获得业余无线电执照的难易程度因国家而异。在一些国家,执照考试每年只在国家首都举办一到两次,并且办理执照的流程有着许多繁文缛节,爱好者可能还需要通过非常复杂的安全审查。<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>目前,仅有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">也门</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">朝鲜</span>不向公民颁发业余无线电执照,但是这两个国家在前十年间都有允许外国游客操作业余无线电的前例<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。在一些有大量业余无线电操作员的国家,例如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">美国</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">加拿大</span>,爱好者可以很方便地参加执照考试。<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">向俱乐部或者组织颁发集体业余无线电执照通常要求一位当前执照有效的、在电信管理机构拥有良好信誉的业余无线电操作员对使用集体电台或呼号进行的任何操作承担责任。<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国业余无线电执照制度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio licensing in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">美国业余无线电执照制度</span></span></span>在根据技能水平分等级颁发业余无线电执照的各国中较具代表性。美国目前颁发的执照共有三个等级,从低到高分别是技术员级、普通级和业余特级(英语:<span lang="en">Technician Class, General Class, and Amateur Extra Class</span>),更高的等级开放了更多的操作频率<sup id="cite_ref-bandplan_71-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>和更高级或更短的呼号<sup id="cite_ref-callsign_class_75-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。所有等级都需要通过由联邦通信委员会(FCC)核准的考试。考试由志愿考官(英语:<span lang="en"><b>V</b>olunteer<span>&nbsp;</span><b>E</b>xaminer, VE</span>)主办<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,志愿考官由志愿考官协调委员会(英语:<span lang="en"><b>V</b>olunteer<span>&nbsp;</span><b>E</b>xaminer<span>&nbsp;</span><b>C</b>oordinator, VEC</span>)任命<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,而协调委员会需要FCC的批准<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。技术员级和普通级考试共需回答35道从至少350题的题库中随机抽取的选择题,并且需要至少答对26道。<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Amateur_Exam_96-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>业余特级考试包含50道选择题(从至少500道题的题库中随机抽取),考生需要至少答对37道题以通过考试。<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Amateur_Exam_96-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>考试范围覆盖了法规、操作习惯以及技术知识,例如法规、操作程序、电子学知识、电台设计以及安全知识。<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>摩尔斯电码报务技术在美国已经不再需要考核。<sup id="cite_ref-morsedropped1_98-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>一旦通过考试,FCC将会给考生颁发十年有效期的业余无线电执照。题库每四年由全国志愿考官协调委员会(英语:<span lang="en">National Conference of VECs</span>)更新一次。<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_Amateur_Exam_96-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">中国大陆</span>,业余无线电爱好者必须首先考取操作证书(共分A类、B类、C类。C类证书级别最高)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,然后申领执照,若设备没有核准代码,需要再由地方无线电管理机构验机。<sup id="cite_ref-rigs_73-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>爱好者获颁执照后方能发射。中华人民共和国《业余无线电台管理办法》已经明确不用再加入任何协会就可以考取业余无线电操作证书,取得证书后便可以申请业余无线电执照<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">台湾地区</span>,依据中华民国《业余无线电管理办法》: “第二十八条,业余电台应经申请取得电台执照后始得使用。第三十条,业余电台之呼号,除临时电台由交通部直接指配外,其他电台之呼号于申设业余电台时,由电信监理信息系统自动产生,任何人员皆不得要求指配特定呼号。业余无线电人员取得较高等级之资格后,原设置之业余电台得申请改配呼号。”<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.B7.A8.E5.9B.BD.E6.93.8D.E4.BD.9C"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="跨国操作">跨国操作</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">主条目:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电跨国操作" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio international operation"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余无线电跨国操作</span></span></span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png/300px-Amateur_Radio_International_Agreements.png" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4501" data-file-height="2284" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="300" height="152"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;"><center><b>各国参与业余无线电双边协议情况</b></center><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px; text-align: center; background: rgb(196, 0, 10); color: black; font-size: small; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>CEPT成员国</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px; text-align: center; background: rgb(242, 242, 4); color: black; font-size: small; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>IARP成员国</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px; text-align: center; background: orange; color: black; font-size: small; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>CEPT与IARP成员国</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid black; display: inline-block; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px; text-align: center; background: rgb(0, 255, 0); color: black; font-size: small; width: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</span><span>&nbsp;</span>美加协议、CEPT与IARP成员国</div></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">一般来说,一国颁发的业余无线电执照只在本国管辖范围内有效,前往其他国家操作电台应当办理到访国的业余无线电执照。<sup id="cite_ref-USOverseas_102-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>然而,许多国家签订了双边条约,使得有执照的业余无线电操作员无需考取、办理到访国的执照或直接换发执照便可以在该国境内合法地操作业余电台。<sup id="cite_ref-CEPT_103-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IARP_104-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>双边执照认可的要求因国家而异。一些国家加入了多边条约<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,因此执照在各缔约国内都有效。<sup id="cite_ref-CEPT_103-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IARP_104-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">跨国操作时,来访操作员必须遵守所在国的法规。一些国家允许来访的火腿族仅持有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">母国</span>的执照便可以进行操作。<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>另一些国家要求来访的操作员提前申请操作许可或换发本国执照。<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">执照的双边承认不仅取决于发照的国家,还可能取决于持照人的国籍<sup id="cite_ref-USOverseas_102-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。举例来说,在美国,只有当操作员的国籍非美国,且并不持有美国执照<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 14]</span></sup></span>时,他的外国执照才被认可<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。持有执照的美国公民可以直接按照双边协议在互惠条约的缔约国操作,但持有美国执照的外国公民并不能享受这一权利<sup id="cite_ref-USOverseas_102-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.91.BC.E5.8F.B7"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="呼号">呼号</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">更多信息:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">业余无线电呼号</span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电操作员在无线电通信中以“呼号”唯一地表明自己或台站的身份。<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>在一些国家,通联时只能使用指配给台站的呼号,而在其他国家,操作员和台站的呼号任选其一使用。<sup id="cite_ref-amateurlicences_111-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>在特定的地区,操作员可以自选呼号(英语:<span lang="en">vanity callsign</span>),但自选必须服从所在国的前缀、呼号指配的情况以及呼号等级的规定。<sup id="cite_ref-vanity_112-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>一些地区要求缴纳一定费用以自选呼号<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,而在其他一些国家,例如英国,自选呼号无需额外费用,而且在申请执照时就可自选。美国联邦通信委员会在2015年9月取消了自选呼号的收费。<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">国际电信联盟规定的呼号结构由以下三个部分组成<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,以下以呼号<b>ZS1NAT</b>为例:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>ZS</b>——前缀,表示呼号所属的国家。(这个呼号为南非呼号。<sup id="cite_ref-ZS_116-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>1</b>——分区号,表示国家内部的分区。(这里的<b>1</b>表示西开普省。<sup id="cite_ref-ZS_116-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b>NAT</b>——后缀,用于区分不同的业余电台。</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">许多国家并不按照ITU常规使用呼号中的数字部分。英国不使用数字区分国家内部的分区,而是使用前缀“G”后的第二位字母;<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>举例来说,G7OOE在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">苏格兰</span>操作时呼号应当变为GM7OOE。前缀GM代表苏格兰,G或GE(“E”通常省略)代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">英格兰</span>,而GW代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">威尔士</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>对于较小的政治实体,数字部分可能也是国家前缀的一部分。例如VP2代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">英属西印度群岛</span><sup id="cite_ref-callprefix_119-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,并且可以继续细分为VP2E(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">安圭拉</span>)、VP2M(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">蒙特塞拉特</span>)以及VP2V(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">英属维尔京群岛</span>)。VP5代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">特克斯和凯科斯群岛</span>,VP6代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">皮特凯恩群岛</span>,VP8代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">福克兰群岛</span>,而VP9代表<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">百慕大</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-callprefix_119-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在线<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼号手册" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="callbook"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">呼号手册</span></span></span>可以协助查找特定呼号的持有者。<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>举例来说,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="QRZ.COM" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QRZ.COM"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">QRZ.COM</span></span></span>就是一个著名的在线呼号手册。也有组织出版拥有呼号的著名人士名单。<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">一些地区,如美国,为持有执照的业余无线电操作员发放呼号<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">车牌</span>,以增加他们在紧急情况下的机动能力。<sup id="cite_ref-ARRL-plates_122-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>申请和续期牌照的费用通常比自选牌照低。<sup id="cite_ref-ARRL-plates_122-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在中国大陆,在取得业余无线电操作证后便可在当地工业和信息化局(或无线电管理机构)申请呼号(无线电台执照)。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.93.8D.E4.BD.9C.E6.9D.83.E5.88.A9"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="操作权利">操作权利</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg/220px-Montreal-tower-top.thumb2-crop.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="519" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="176"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">架设有一副短波<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">八木宇田天线</span>和多副短波长线天线的塔顶</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在大多数地区,有别于其他无线电使用者,业余无线电爱好者可以自制或改装他们的设备<sup id="cite_ref-homemade_125-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,以满足他们在业余频段上的操作需求,这通常无需政府核准。<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>持有执照的爱好者还可以使用任意批准使用的业余频段(而非某个特定的频点),并且可以在较广的频率范围内使用较高功率的设备,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>只要其设备满足例如带宽、功率、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杂散辐射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="spurious emission"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">杂散辐射</span></span></span>等的技术参数要求。<sup id="cite_ref-rigs_73-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E9.A2.91.E6.AE.B5"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="频段">频段</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者可以使用无线电频谱内所有分配的业余业务频段,通常频段选择由通联范围所决定。<sup id="cite_ref-band_choice_129-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>短波波段,或称作<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">HF</span>,适合全球范围的通联,<sup id="cite_ref-band_choice_129-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>而<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">VHF</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">UHF</span>适用于本地通联。<sup id="cite_ref-band_choice_129-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">微波</span>波段由于其带宽的优势,通常用于业余无线电电视和高速<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">计算机网络</span>链路。<sup id="cite_ref-band_choice_129-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在中国大陆,A类业余无线电操作证书可在频率30-3000MHz频段内,业余业务主要频段或业余业务次要频段使用。B类及C类业余无线电操作证书可在频率1-3000MHz频段内,业余业务主要频段或业余业务次要频段使用。</p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.AE.BE.E5.A4.87"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="设备">设备</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在大多数国家,持有业余无线电执照的爱好者可以持有、改装及操作未经管理部门核准的设备。<sup id="cite_ref-homemade_125-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>这鼓励了业余无线电操作员试验自制或修改的设备。<sup id="cite_ref-homemade_125-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>但这些设备也必须符合国际国内关于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杂散辐射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="spurious emission"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">杂散辐射</span></span></span>的标准<sup id="cite_ref-43号文件_130-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.8A.9F.E7.8E.87"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="功率">功率</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者可以合法使用的最高发射<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">功率</span>因国家而异。尽管<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">功率</span>相比商业业务较低,但也足以进行全球范围通联。 功率限制因国家和执照等级而异。举例来说,在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">加拿大</span>,持有最高级执照的操作员可以使用高达2.25千<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">瓦</span>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="包络峰值功率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="peak envelope power"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">包络峰值功率</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Industry_Canada_131-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">美国</span>,业余无线电的功率上限为1.5千瓦<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。较低的执照等级通常有较低的最高功率。按照规定和传统,为了防止干扰其他电台,业余无线电爱好者应当只使用能满足良好通联质量的最低功率。<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_section_97.313_133-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">发射功率的限制也取决于通联模式。例如在澳大利亚,SSB模式可以使用最高400瓦,但FM模式只能使用120瓦。<sup id="cite_ref-AUS_134-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在中国大陆,A、B、C类电台在非短波频率的发射上限为25W,B类电台在短波波段的功率上限为100瓦,而C类电台在短波波段的上限是1千瓦。<sup id="cite_ref-43号文件_130-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">发射功率的测量方法也会影响实际可用的功率。例如英国规定发射功率在天线馈线接口处测量,因此发信设备可以发射超过400瓦的功率以克服馈线内的损耗。然而德国规定发射功率在发信设备的天线接口处测量,这导致了实际可用的功率因为馈线损耗而减小。<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在某些波段(如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2200m" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="2200-meter band"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">2200m</span></span></span>,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="600m" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="600-meter band"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">600m</span></span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="60m" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="60-meter band"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">60m</span></span></span>),《无线电规则》限制了发射信号的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">等效全向辐射功率</span><sup id="cite_ref-RR_5-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">(5.67A 5.80A 5.133B)</sup>。在这些波段实际能够使用的功率,由发信设备功率、馈线损耗和天线增益共同决定。<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">一些国家允许业余无线电操作员申请额外的临时许可<sup id="cite_ref-43号文件_130-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,以满足特定通信的要求<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 15]</span></sup></span>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E9.A2.91.E7.8E.87.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E8.A7.84.E8.8C.83.E5.92.8C.E9.A2.91.E7.8E.87.E5.88.92.E5.88.86"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="频率使用规范和频率划分">频率使用规范和频率划分</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">主条目:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">业余无线电频率划分</span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际电信联盟</span>(ITU)和各国政府通信部门共同管理全世界无线电频率的分配。在不对其他国家的无线电业务产生干扰的前提下,国家级通信管理部门可以在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">波段配置规划</span>中设立限制或者划分额外的频率给特定的无线电业务。 在一些国家,特定类型的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">无线电发射</span>在特定的频段上受到限制。在大多数国家,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际业余无线电联盟</span>(IARU)的成员协会推广频率使用规范(英语:<span lang="en">Band plan</span>)以更好地利用无线电频谱。<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>在少数情况下,国家通信管理机构可能允许业余无线电爱好者使用国际频率划分以外的频率。<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">依照国际电信联盟的规定,在常规通信手段不可用的情况下,如果生命和财产遭受直接的威胁,无线电用户可以使用任意频率求救。<sup id="cite_ref-RR_5-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">(4.9)</sup>在阿拉斯加,在灾害情况下,业余无线电爱好者可以以指定的发射类型使用阿拉斯加州紧急频率5167.5&nbsp;kHz。<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_section_97.401_and_97.403_143-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">美国的业余无线电爱好者可以申请加入<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军队辅助无线电体系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military Auxiliary Radio System"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">军队辅助无线电体系</span></span></span>(MARS),一旦完成注册和训练,爱好者便可以在美军军用频率上为美军提供应急通信和军属口信传达服务。<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><table class="navbox wikitable collapsible collapsed" id="collapsibleTable0" style="font-size: 13.207px; background: rgb(253, 253, 253); color: rgb(32, 33, 34); margin: 1em auto; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse; width: 1215px; clear: both; text-align: center; padding: 1px;"><tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"><th colspan="5" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background: skyblue; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177);"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 8em;">[<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">显示</span>]</span><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: block; font-weight: normal; float: left; text-align: left;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;">查</abbr></span></li><li class="nv-talk" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;">论</abbr></span></li><li class="nv-edit" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none !important; padding: 0px !important;" class="external text"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;">编</abbr></span></li></ul></div><span style="font-size: 14.5277px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">国际业余无线电频率划分</span></span></th></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.81.94.E6.A8.A1.E5.BC.8F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="通联模式">通联模式</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电模式列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of amateur radio modes"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余无线电模式列表</span></span></span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ICOM_IC-P7_dscn2510a.jpg/220px-ICOM_IC-P7_dscn2510a.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="427" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="294"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">一台手持式VHF/UHF收发信机,爱好者一般在这个频段上使用FM制式</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者使用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电模式列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of amateur radio modes"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">多种模式</span></span></span>进行通联。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者可以在业余波段内试验新的通联模式,但国家监管部门会要求爱好者提前公开技术细节以保证当局也能监督试验的进行<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。业余无线电爱好者一般来说禁止进行加密通信,除非加密通信是用于卫星或其他设备的上行控制链路。<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E9.9F.B3.E6.A8.A1.E5.BC.8F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="语音模式">语音模式</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在业余无线电爱好者中最流行的两种模拟语音模式为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">频率调制</span>(FM)和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">单边带调制</span>(SSB)。FM可以提供高音质的音频信号,而SSB适用于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">带宽</span>受限的远距离通信。<sup id="cite_ref-ARRLfaq_147-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">随着技术的进步,业余无线电爱好者和厂商也开发出了数字语音模式。数字语音模式可以提供远高于模拟模式的音质,在超短波通信中,数字语音模式大有取代FM之势,目前较为流行的有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">D-STAR</span>,C4FM和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">DMR</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.9B.BE.E5.83.8F.E6.A8.A1.E5.BC.8F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="图像模式">图像模式</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">参见:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电电视" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur television"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">业余无线电电视</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">慢扫描电视</span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">慢扫描电视</span>(SSTV)是业余无线电爱好者的一种主要图片传输方法,慢扫描电视通过无线电传输和接收单色或彩色静态图片。慢扫描电视占用的带宽较小,因此是一种较缓慢的静态图像传输方法,通常发送一帧需要持续传输若干分钟。业余无线电操作员通常在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">短波</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">超短波</span>波段上使用慢扫描电视。<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">随着<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">摄像头</span>等消费级的电子产品的普及,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="业余无线电电视" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="amateur television"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">快扫描电视</span></span></span>(ATV)的普及度与日俱增,快扫描电视可以传输实时的视频画面,使得业余无线电爱好者们在通联中终于也可以告别“只闻其声,不见其人”的情况了。但因为较大的带宽占用和较高信号稳定的要求,快扫描电视通常只在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="70厘米波段" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="70-centimeter band"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">70厘米波段</span></span></span>(420–450&nbsp;MHz)上使用,爱好者有时也在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="33厘米波段" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="33-centimeter band"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">33厘米波段</span></span></span>(902–928&nbsp;MHz)、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="23厘米波段" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="23-centimeter band"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">23厘米波段</span></span></span>(1240–1300&nbsp;MHz)和更高的波段上使用,这些波段<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">视距传播</span>的特性将通联范围限制在30至100千米之间。<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.97.A0.E7.BA.BF.E7.94.B5.E6.8A.A5"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="无线电报">无线电报</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">无线电报是传统的业余无线电通信模式。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">无线电报</span>,也称作“CW”(等幅电报),是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">萨缪尔·摩尔斯</span>发明的有线<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">电报</span>技术的无线拓展,能够追溯到无线电最初的时期。尽管无线电报已被普遍认为过时<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,但因为CW模式相较于SSB和FM的固有的抗干扰优势<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 16]</span></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,许多业余无线电爱好者们仍热衷于CW模式——特别是在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">底噪</span>较大的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">短波</span>波段上。此外,音调更为简单的CW信号在话音无法辨认的情况下,依然能被人耳分辨出来,因此在“QRP”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">[注 17]</span></sup></span>或低功率通信爱好者中广受青睐。<sup id="cite_ref-QRP_156-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>纯CW发信机结构较为简单,易于制作,使得CW模式也在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自制(业余无线电)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amateur radio homebrew"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">电子制作爱好者</span></span></span>中也占有一席之地。<sup id="cite_ref-QRP_156-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>CW通联中,爱好者们常常使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">Q简语</span>和其他通信简略语,这使得CW成为了跨越语言和口音鸿沟的交流桥梁。<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>专业的报务技术和能力许多年来一直是取得使用30&nbsp;MHz以下频率的业余无线电执照的条件,但随着2003年国际条例的修改,许多国家不再要求爱好者掌握报务技术。<sup id="cite_ref-fcc06-178a1_159-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">美国</span>,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">联邦通信委员会</span>于2003年2月23日取消了所有执照等级的报务技术要求。<sup id="cite_ref-e7-729_160-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morsedropped1_98-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E5.AD.97.E6.A8.A1.E5.BC.8F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="数字模式">数字模式</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%8D%95%E5%B7%A5mmdvm%E7%9B%92%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%8D%95%E5%B7%A5mmdvm%E7%9B%92%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1824" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="100"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">一种单工MMDVM盒子的内部结构</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">数字</span>模式利用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">编码</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">信号处理</span>技术,将语音、文字、图像和数据等信息编码成<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">数字信号</span>后发送,拥有相较于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">模拟</span>制式更强的抗干扰能力。<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>大多数业余无线电数据模式使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">频移键控</span>(FSK)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">相移键控</span>(PSK)和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">幅移键控</span>(ASK)技术,将编码后的数字信号转换为模拟语音信号后再由电台发送,使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">单边带调制</span>(SSB)的调制模式。<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">个人计算机</span>的普及促进了各种<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">数字</span>模式的使用,许多数字模式曾经需要<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">调制解调器</span>和笨重的设备,但现在可以利用个人计算机和软件编解码。例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无线电传" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="radioteletype"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">无线电传</span></span></span>(RTTY),之前需要笨重的电传打字机,而现在利用一台电脑就可以实现通联了。<sup id="cite_ref-Missouri_163-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">业余无线电爱好者为不同用途开发了不同的数字模式。火腿族引领了1970年代<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">报文无线电</span>的开发,并吸收了许多其他协议的细节,例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="AX.25" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="AX.25"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">AX.25</span></span></span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">TCP/IP</span>,实现了通过业余无线电发送数据包的功能。<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>利用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="PSK31" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PSK31"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">PSK31</span></span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Olivia MFSK" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Olivia MFSK"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">Olivia MFSK</span></span></span>等模式,爱好者们能够在强干扰的情况下进行实时的文字交流。自动链路建立(ALE)技术能够使业余无线电网络持续性地在具有全球覆盖的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">短波</span>波段上运行。<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>FT8和JT65等数字模式使用例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="WSJT(业余无线电软件)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="WSJT (Amateur radio software)"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">WSTJ</span></span></span>的专用软件进行编解码,这些模式具有极强的抗干扰和纠错能力,但只能交换必要的信息,无法用于聊天,通常只用于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">流星余迹通信</span>、月面反射通信和其他极端干扰环境下的通联。<sup id="cite_ref-WJST_50-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p></div></div></div>
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