天津的大伙伴 发表于 2020-8-28 23:00:52

Tor浏览器及其前身Tor Browser Bundle

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" lang="zh-Hans-CN">Tor<span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important;"></span></span></h1><div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content" style="position: relative; z-index: 0; font-size: 0.938em; line-height: 1.6; user-select: text !important; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><div id="siteSub" class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><br></div><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; display: block; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important;" class="mw-jump-link">跳到导</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; display: block; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important;" class="mw-jump-link"></span><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; user-select: text !important;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="user-select: text !important;"><table class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: small; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; user-select: text !important; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em;" cellspacing="3"><caption class="summary" style="user-select: text !important; font-size: larger;"><b style="user-select: text !important;">洋葱路由器</b></caption><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/200px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="185" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="200" height="121"></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="Tor浏览器及其前身Tor Browser Bundle——两者皆是应用了洋葱路由的例子" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/The_Tor_Browser_Showing_The_main_Tor_Project_page.png/300px-The_Tor_Browser_Showing_The_main_Tor_Project_page.png" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="300" height="169"></span><div style="user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器及其前身Tor Browser Bundle——两者皆是应用了洋葱路由的例子</div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">开发者</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tor项目公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Tor Project, Inc" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Tor项目公司</span></span></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">初始版本</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">2002年9月20日<sup id="cite_ref-prealpha_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">稳定版本</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">0.4.3.6<small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;">(2020年7月9日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​61天前</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</small><small class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none !important; user-select: text !important; padding: 0px !important;" class="external text">[±]</span></small><br style="user-select: text !important;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">0.4.2.8<small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;">(2020年7月9日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​61天前</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</small><small class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none !important; user-select: text !important; padding: 0px !important;" class="external text">[±]</span></small><br style="user-select: text !important;"></p>0.3.5.11 LTS<small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;">(2020年7月9日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​61天前</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</small><small class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none !important; user-select: text !important; padding: 0px !important;" class="external text">[±]</span></small></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">预览版本</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">0.4.4.3-alpha<small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;">(2020年7月27日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​43天前</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</small><small class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: none !important; user-select: text !important; padding: 0px !important;" class="external text">[±]</span></small></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">源代码库</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist" style="user-select: text !important;"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; line-height: inherit;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span class="url" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px;" class="external text">gitweb<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.torproject<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.org<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/tor<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.git</span></span></li></ul></div><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><img alt="编辑维基数据链接" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top; user-select: text !important;" width="10" height="10"></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">编程语言</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">C</span><sup id="cite_ref-openhub-tor_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Python</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Rust</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">操作系统</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Microsoft Windows</span></li><li style="margin: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Unix-like</span>(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Android</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Linux</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">OS X</span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">文件大小</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">50–55 MB</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">类型</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">洋葱路由</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">匿名</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">许可协议</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">BSD许可证</span><sup id="cite_ref-LICENSE_-_Tor's_source_code_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">网站</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist" style="user-select: text !important;"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; line-height: inherit;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span class="url" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px;" class="external text">www<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.torproject<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.org</span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important;">expyuzz4wqqyqhjn.onion<span>&nbsp;</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><img alt="Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg/18px-Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg.png" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="185" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="18" height="11"></span><sup style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important;"><small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"></span></small></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><b style="user-select: text !important;">Tor</b>是实现<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">匿名</span>通信的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">自由软件</span>。其名源于“The Onion Router”(洋葱路由器)的英语缩写<sup id="cite_ref-onion-router_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。用户可透过Tor接达由全球志愿者免费提供,包含6000+个中继的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">覆盖网络</span><sup id="cite_ref-torstatus_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,从而达至隐藏用户真实地址、避免网络监控及流量分析的目的。Tor用户的互联网活动(包括浏览在线网站、帖子以及即时消息等通信形式)相对较难追踪<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-navels_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。Tor的设计原意在于保障用户的个人隐私,以及不受监控地进行秘密通信的自由和能力。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor不会阻止在线网站判断用户是否通过Tor访问该网站。尽管它保护用户的隐私,但却不会掩饰用户正在使用Tor这一事实。有些网站会对使用Tor的用户进行限制。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">MediaWiki</span>的扩展Torblock便是其中一个例子,它能自动限制透过Tor进行的编辑。而使用了Torblock的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">维基百科</span>则容许用户在某些情况下透过Tor编辑内容<sup id="cite_ref-wikipedia_tor_block_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor透过在传输协议栈中的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">应用层</span>进行<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">加密</span>,从而实现<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">洋葱路由</span>这一种技术。Tor会对包括下一个节点的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">IP地址</span>在内的数据,进行多次加密,并透过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">虚拟电路</span>(包括随机选择的Tor节点)将其提交。每个中继都会对一层加密的数据进行解密,以知道数据的下一个发送目的地,然后将剩余的加密数据发送给它。最后的中继会解密最内层的加密数据,并在不会泄露或得知源IP地址的情况下,将原始数据发送至目标地址。<sup id="cite_ref-Termanini2018_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">攻击者可能会尝试透过某些手段来使Tor用户去匿名化。包括利用Tor用户电脑上的软件<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">漏洞</span><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-nsa-target_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。美国国家安全局拥有针对Tor安装包中所捆绑的旧版本Firefox漏洞的技术(代号“EgotisticalGiraffe”)<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-peeling_16-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,并曾利用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">XKeyscore</span>系统来密切监控Tor用户<sup id="cite_ref-NDR_17-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。不少学者亦就如何破解Tor网络进行过学术研究<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,此一行为受到Tor项目公司所肯定<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">开发及维护Tor的一大部分经费由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">美国联邦政府</span>所捐助<sup id="cite_ref-pando_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,过去则以海军研究办公室及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">国防高等研究计划署</span>的名义捐助<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 14.2576px; display: table; user-select: text !important;"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="user-select: text !important; text-align: center; direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 14.2576px; font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">目录</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 13.4021px; user-select: text !important;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); user-select: text !important;"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">历史</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">应用</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">运作方式</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">流量导源</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">洋葱服务</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">Nyx状态监视器</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">弱点</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">监听</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">自治系统监听</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.1.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">出口节点监听</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">流量分析攻击</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">Tor出口节点屏蔽</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">坏苹果攻击</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">一些暴露IP地址的协议</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">狙击手攻击</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">心脏出血漏洞</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">中继早期流量确认攻击</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">鼠标指纹</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">资料大小相关信息</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">实施方案</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5.1.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">Firefox/Tor浏览器攻击</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">Tor Messenger</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">第三方应用</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">侧重安全的操作系统</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">影响及反应</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">安全性</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">中国</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">参见</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">注释</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">参考文献</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">延伸阅读</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">12</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">外部链接</span></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="历史" style="user-select: text !important;">历史</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span id="Tor_project" style="user-select: text !important;"></span></p><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Geographies_of_Tor.png/220px-Geographies_of_Tor.png" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2244" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="141"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">Tor用户分布图</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor的核心技术“洋葱路由”,是在1990年代中期由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国海军研究实验室</span>的员工,数学家保罗·西维森(Paul Syverson)和计算机科学家迈克·里德(G. Mike Reed)和大卫·戈尔德施拉格(David Goldschlag),为保护美国情报通信而开发的软件。之后,洋葱路由于1997年交由美国<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">国防高等研究计划署</span>进行进一步开发<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor的测试版由西维森和计算机科学家罗根·丁格伦(Roger Dingledine)和尼克·马修森(Nick Mathewson)开发<sup id="cite_ref-pando_21-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>,并将其命名为“洋葱路由项目”(The Onion Routing project,简称TOR项目)<sup id="cite_ref-prealpha_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-faq_29-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。这个测试版于2002年9月20日发布<sup id="cite_ref-prealpha_1-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-faq_29-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。次年推出首个公开发行版本<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。2004年8月13日,西维森、丁格伦和马修森在第13届<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">USENIX</span>安全研讨会上以“Tor:第二代洋葱路由器”为题进行演讲<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-design_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。2004年,美国海军研究实验室以自由软件许可证发布了Tor代码,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电子前哨基金会</span>开始资助丁格伦和马修森继续开发<sup id="cite_ref-pando_21-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2006年12月,丁格伦、马修森等人成立了一个位于马萨诸塞州的非营利组织——The Tor Project,负责维护Tor<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-corepeople_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。电子前哨基金会担任其早年的财政赞助商,Tor项目的早期赞助者还包括<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国国际广播局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Broadcasting Bureau" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">美国国际广播局</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">新闻国际</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">人权观察</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">剑桥大学</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">谷歌</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">荷兰</span>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NLnet" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NLnet" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">NLnet</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-sponsors_36-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp-attacks-prompt_37-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">此后维护Tor所需的一大部分费用由美国联邦政府所捐助<sup id="cite_ref-pando_21-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2014年11月,由于全球司法部门开展了一项名为“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="去匿名化行動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Onymous" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">去匿名化行动</span></span></span>”的反黑市行动,所以有推测指Tor的漏洞已被人利用<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-2014-11-07_38-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">英国广播公司</span>引述评论指这是“技术性破解”<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2014-11-07_39-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,使得司法部门可以追踪服务器的物理位置。有关的法庭文件于次年引起人们对研究伦理<sup id="cite_ref-tor-blog-FBI_40-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>及《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">美国宪法第四修正案</span>》所保证的“不能受到无理搜查”的权利之关注<sup id="cite_ref-net-security-2015_41-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,这也可能与当时稍早时候发生且针对Tor的攻击存有关系<sup id="cite_ref-Motherboard2015_42-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2015年12月,Tor项目公司宣布聘用莎丽·斯蒂尔(Shari Steele),由她担任新任运行董事<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。莎丽在这以前领导过电子前哨基金会15年之久,且在2004年使得电子前哨基金会决定为Tor的早期维护提供资金。其目标之一为增加Tor的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">用户友好度</span>,使得更多人能够匿名地浏览网页<sup id="cite_ref-Image_of_Digital_Privacy_44-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2016年7月,Tor项目公司的董事会成员集体辞任,同时成立一个由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬特·布拉澤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Matt Blaze" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">马特·布拉泽</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辛迪·科恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cindy Cohn" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">辛迪·科恩</span></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加布里埃拉·科爾曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gabriella Coleman" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">加布里埃拉·科尔曼</span></span></span>、莱纳斯·诺德伯格(Linus Nordberg)、梅根·普赖斯(Megan Price)及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">布鲁斯·施奈尔</span>组成的新董事会<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="應用" style="user-select: text !important;">应用</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; user-select: text !important; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">更多信息:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">暗网</span></div><table style="font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-align: left; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em;" cellpadding="1"><caption style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: bold;">2015年1月基于网络的洋葱服务<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></caption><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="col" style="user-select: text !important;">分类</th><th scope="col" style="user-select: text !important;">比例</th></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">赌博</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">0.4</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">枪械</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">1.4</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">聊天</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">新类别<br style="user-select: text !important;"><small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;">(尚未编入索引)</small></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">虐待</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电子书</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="網頁目录" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Web directory" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">目录</span></span></span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">博客</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.75</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">色情</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.75</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">托管</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">3.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">黑客</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">4.25</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">搜索</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">4.25</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">匿名</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">4.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">论坛</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">4.75</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="赝品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Counterfeit" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">赝品</span></span></span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">5.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">吹哨人</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">5.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Wiki</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">5.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电子邮件</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">5.7</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">比特币</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">6.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">诈骗</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">9</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="暗网市场" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Darknet market" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">市场</span></span></span></th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">9</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">毒品</span>&nbsp;</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">15.4</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; border-color: rgb(192, 192, 192); background-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); text-align: left; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em;" cellpadding="1"><caption style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: bold;">2016年1月基于网络的Tor洋葱服务<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></caption><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="col" style="user-select: text !important;">分类</th><th scope="col" style="user-select: text !important;">% 总计</th><th scope="col" style="user-select: text !important;">% 活跃</th></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">暴力</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">0.3</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">0.6</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">武器</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">0.8</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">1.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">非法社交</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">1.2</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.4</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">黑客</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">1.8</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">3.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">非法链接</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.3</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">4.3</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">非法色情</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.3</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">4.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">极端主义</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">2.7</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">5.1</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">其他非法内容</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">3.8</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">7.3</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">非法金融</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">6.3</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">12</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">非法药物</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">8.1</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">15.5</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">不违法+未知</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">22.6</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">43.2</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">非法内容总计</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">29.7</span></span></div></td><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">56.8</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">不活跃</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">47.7</span></span></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; font-weight: normal;">活跃</th><td style="user-select: text !important;"><div style="user-select: text !important; height: 1.25em; width: 15em;"><span style="user-select: text !important; position: absolute; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em; z-index: 10;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">52.3</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">使用了Tor的用户可以匿名地浏览在线网站、聊天和发送即时信息。他们可把Tor应用于合法目的上,也可应用于非法目的上<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。例如犯罪企业、黑客行动主义组织及执法机关会为了各种目的而使用Tor<sup id="cite_ref-cso-black-market_51-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-muckrock-hunting-porn_52-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。除此之外,美国政府的内部机构会为Tor提供赞助(美国国务院、国家科学基金会,以及美国广播理事会皆有/曾为Tor提供赞助)并试图破解它<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-nsa-target_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bw-tor-vs_53-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor不能够使网络活动完全匿名。其设计目的并不是使网络跟踪完全消去,而是减低网站透过数据及活动跟踪用户的可能性<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor也被用于进行非法活动,例子包括访问在当地受到<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">审查</span>的信息、组织政治运动<sup id="cite_ref-scm-egyptians_55-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、规避禁止人们发表批评国家首脑的言论的法律。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">经济学人</span>》的一篇报导称Tor跟<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">比特币</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">丝路</span>有关,并指Tor为“网络上的阴暗角落”<sup id="cite_ref-economist-bitcoin_56-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。尽管美国国家安全局及英国<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">政府通信总部</span>已把Tor视为破解目标,但只获取少许成功<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-nsa-target_15-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國國家打擊犯罪調查局" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Crime Agency" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">英国国家打击犯罪调查局</span></span></span>的“确认行动”(Operation Notarise)为最为成功破解Tor的行动<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。同时,英国政府通信总部利用了一款名为“Shadowcat”的工具来“透过Tor网络,并使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">安全外壳协议</span>访问受到端对端加密的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">虚拟专用服务器</span>”<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。它也可应用于匿名诽谤、泄露政府敏感信息、上下载<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">侵权</span>作品、分发非法色情内容<sup id="cite_ref-bbr-cleaning-up_60-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jones-forensics_61-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gawker-kiddie-porn_62-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、贩卖<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">受管制药物</span><sup id="cite_ref-gawker-any-drug_63-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、武器及被盗的信用卡号码<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">洗钱</span><sup id="cite_ref-ars-feds-narcotics_65-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、银行诈骗<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="信用卡诈骗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Credit card fraud" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">信用卡诈骗</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">身份诈骗</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">假币</span>兑换<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;以Tor为基础架构的黑市网站有相当一部分会以比特币作交易介质<sup id="cite_ref-cso-black-market_51-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。最后它还可用于攻击<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">物联网</span>设备<sup id="cite_ref-BrickerBot_68-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">美国<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">联邦调查局</span>在逮捕丝路的创办人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅斯·烏爾布里希特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ross Ulbricht" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">罗斯·乌尔布里希特</span></span></span>的过程中,承认Tor“存有合法用途”<sup id="cite_ref-compaint-ulbricht_69-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eff-silk-road_70-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">CNET</span>的报导指,Tor的匿名功能“受到像<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电子前哨基金会</span>般的民权组织的赞同,因为它能为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">告密者</span>和人权工作者提供一个渠道,以跟记者沟通”<sup id="cite_ref-cnet-arrested_71-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。电子前哨基金会的监控自卫指南包含了如何使用Tor的描述,并指它符合保障私稳及匿名性的大原则<sup id="cite_ref-eff-ssd-tor_72-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">电子前哨基金会的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊娃·加爾佩林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eva Galperin" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">伊娃·加尔佩林</span></span></span>于2014年接受《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">彭博商业周刊</span>》訪問时指出:“Tor最大的问题就是新闻报道(的取向),没人听说过有些用户透过其摆脱滥用者的追踪,但只听说过人们如何透过其下载儿童色情作品”<sup id="cite_ref-thecable_73-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor项目公司指出,Tor用户当中也有“正常人”,这包括渴望网站及广告商不会得知自己的网上活动的人、担忧网络侦察的人,以及像活动家、记者和军事专业人士般渴望摆脱审查的用户。截至2013年11月,Tor有大约400万名用户<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">华尔街日报</span>》指出,Tor有约14%的流量来自美国,它的第二大用户群来自“网络审查盛行的国家”<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">家庭暴力</span>的受害者、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">社工</span>及帮助受害者的机构使用Tor沟通的情况也有上升趋势,尽管他们可能没受过网络安全相关的专业培训<sup id="cite_ref-Where_Domestic_Violence_and_Cybersecurity_Intersect_76-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。然而若进行了适当的配置,它便可以使人不会受到数字追踪的影响<sup id="cite_ref-boston-domestic-abuse_77-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。像《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">卫报</span>》、《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">纽约客</span>》、《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">ProPublica</span>》及《The Intercept》般的新闻机构会利用SecureDrop及Tor来保障告密者的隐私<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英國國會科學與技術辦公室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">英国国会科学与技术办公室</span></span></span>于2015年3月发布了一份简要报告,当中指出“英国人普遍不会认为完全禁止在线匿名系统是可接受的……即使若事实并不如此,技术上这也是一项挑战”。除此之外,它进一步指出Tor“在线上观看和分发儿童不雅物品上,只扮演一个较小的角色(这可部分归因于Tor的固有延时)”。Tor也因能帮助<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">网络观察基金会</span>运作、告密者告密以及突破<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">防火长城</span>而受到热捧<sup id="cite_ref-The_Daily_Dot_79-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor的时任运行董事安德鲁·勒曼(Andrew Lewman)于2014年8月说道,美国国家安全局及英国政府通信总部的特务曾匿名地向Tor项目公司报告Tor的漏洞<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor项目的常见问题解答页面上写道:</p><table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;"><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td style="user-select: text !important; width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 40px; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px;">“</td><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">犯罪者已经可以做坏事了。由于他们想打破法规的缘故,所以他们在保有隐私上,存有更多比使用Tor更好的选项可以选择……<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor旨在为希望遵守法律的普通人提供保护。但现在只有犯罪者保有隐私权,这个问题我们需要解决之……</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">所以说,没错,犯罪者在理论上可以使用Tor,但他们已有更好的选项可以选择,且从这个世界上拿走Tor似乎也不能阻止他们做坏事。与此同时,Tor和其他隐私措施可以打击身份诈骗及像跟踪般的实体犯罪。</p></td><td style="user-select: text !important; width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 40px; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 0.6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px;">”</td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="user-select: text !important; border: none; padding-right: 25.6719px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: normal; user-select: text !important;">—— Tor Project FAQ<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-faq-abuse_81-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></cite></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E8.BF.90.E4.BD.9C.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="运作方式" style="user-select: text !important;">运作方式</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tor-onion-network-zh.jpg/220px-Tor-onion-network-zh.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="284" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="139"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">描述Tor如何运作的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">信息图形</span>(由电子前哨基金会创作)</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor的设计原意在于保障用户的个人隐私,以及不受监控地进行秘密通信的自由和能力。它能够实现<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">洋葱路由</span>这一种使通信加密,和在由全球志愿者运行的中继中随机跳转的技术。该些洋葱路由器会对信息进行多层<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">加密</span>(因此以洋葱来比喻),由此确保中继间的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">完美前向安全性</span>,使用户的网络位置得以匿名化。这种匿名性也使得Tor可以托管规避审查的匿名服务<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-design_31-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。此外其把一部分的入口中继保密,这能使依赖屏蔽Tor公开节点的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">互联网审查</span>失效<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-bridges_82-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">由于接收者和发信者的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">IP地址</span>在任何中继中不是通过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">明文</span>传输,所以若有人在中继路径中的任何一点窃听,都无法同时识别两端。此外对于发送者而言,接收者的出口节点正是其入口节点。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E9.87.8F.E5.B0.8E.E6.BA.90" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="流量導源" style="user-select: text !important;">流量导源</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EtherApeTorScreenShot.png/220px-EtherApeTorScreenShot.png" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="176"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">透过开源<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">数据包分析器</span>EtherApe来分析的一些Tor中继节点流量。</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor用户的SOCKS解析应用程序可以透过嗅探TCP 9150这一个端口来获取<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">本地主机</span>上的流量<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。Tor会定期透过Tor网络创立虚拟电路,使它可以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">多路复用</span>,并透过洋葱路由,使流量发送至目标。从Tor网络内部的角度而言,双方的流量是通过路由器沿着电路发送至下一个路由器,最终到达出口节点;在出口节点的数据包是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">明文</span>的,并会转送至原本的目标地址。从目标的角度而言,出口节点正是其入口节点。</p><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tor-non-exit-relay-bandwidth-usage.jpg/220px-Tor-non-exit-relay-bandwidth-usage.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="372" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="146"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">一个Tor的非出口节点,图中可见其最大输出为每秒239.69KB</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor的独特运作方式使得其跟其他匿名网络得以区分开来:它创建在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">传输控制协议</span>(TCP)流之上。透过Tor匿名化的常见互联网活动包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">IRC</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">即时通信</span>以及浏览<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">万维网</span>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.B4.8B.E8.91.B1.E6.9C.8D.E5.8B.99" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="洋葱服務" style="user-select: text !important;">洋葱服务</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; user-select: text !important; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">参见:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">匿名服务列表</span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor也可以为网站及服务器提供匿名性。只接受透过Tor从外部连接的服务器一般统称为<b style="user-select: text !important;">洋葱服务</b>(另有<b style="user-select: text !important;">隐藏服务</b>这个较正式的称呼)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。该些洋葱服务一般能在配合Tor浏览器的情况下,经<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">洋葱地址</span>来访问,而不像浏览一般网站般先找出服务器的IP地址后再访问。Tor网络以找出相应的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">公钥</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">分布式散列表</span>(DHT)中的介绍结点(introduction points)的方式来得知其地址。它可以路由传入洋葱服务或从洋葱服务传出的数据,这同样适用于在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">网络地址转换</span>(NAT)或<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">防火墙</span>背后的主机,并能保障双方的匿名性。对于访问该些洋葱服务而言,Tor是必要的<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-conf-hidden_85-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">洋葱服务在2003年首次提出<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,并自次年起在Tor网络上配置<sup id="cite_ref-or-locating_87-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。除了存储洋葱服务的描述符所需的数据库之外<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-hidden_88-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,Tor在设计上是去中心化的;不存在一个列出所有洋葱服务的可供阅读列表,尽管一些洋葱服务目录会把知名的洋葱地址栏出。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">由于洋葱服务会把它们的所有流量皆经由Tor网络路由,所以它们的连接为端到端加密的,且不能够成为窃听的目标。但Tor的洋葱服务仍有安全问题。例如所有能透过Tor洋葱服务和公共互联网访问的服务皆易受相关攻击(correlation

attacks)的影响,由此可见它的匿名性并不是完美的。其他隐患包括服务设置错误(例如Web服务器的默认错误页面可能会包含识别信息)、运行和停机时间统计、交集攻击(intersection
attacks)以及用户错误<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-hidden_88-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-register-embassy-passwd_89-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>。独立安全研究者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莎拉·傑米·劉易斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sarah Jamie Lewis" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">莎拉·杰米·刘易斯</span></span></span>开发了一个名为“OnionScan”的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">开源软件</span>,用于全面检测洋葱服务上的漏洞<sup id="cite_ref-OnionScan_90-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>(刘易斯还是研究透过洋葱路由来进行<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">远程性爱</span>的先驱,因为她认为性玩具不应透过互联网不安全地连接<sup id="cite_ref-Onion_Dildonics_91-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。)</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">洋葱服务也可在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">客户端</span>没有连接Tor网络的情况下透过标准浏览器访问,比如使用像<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tor2web" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tor2web" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Tor2web</span></span></span>般的服务即可访问之<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>。人们常在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pastebin" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pastebin" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Pastebin</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Twitter</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Reddit</span>及其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">网络论坛</span>分享以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">.onion</span>为顶级域的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">暗网</span>链接<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id="Nyx.E7.8B.80.E6.85.8B.E7.9B.91.E8.A7.86.E5.99.A8" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nyx狀態监视器" style="user-select: text !important;">Nyx状态监视器</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Nyx是一款以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Python</span>来编写的Tor<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">命令行界面</span>状态监视器<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。其能使人实时监视其所运行的Tor节点的状态,它的监视范围包括:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">目前正在使用的资源(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">带宽</span>、CPU和存储器的使用情况)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">中继的一般信息(昵称、指纹、旗标或/dir/controlports)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">拥有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">正则表达式</span>过滤和重复数据删除功能的事件记录表</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">与Tor数据一致相关的连接(IP地址、连接类型、详细中继信息等等)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">在torrc配置文件上加入<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">语法高亮</span>及行数</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Nyx的大多数属性都可以通过armrc设置档进行设置。它能在任何支持curses<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">库</span>的平台上运行,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">macOS</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Linux</span>及其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">类Unix系统</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">这一项目始于2009年的夏天<sup id="cite_ref-arm_introductory_blog_posting_96-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arm_interview_97-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,并自2010年7月18日起正式成为Tor项目的一部分。它是一款以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">GNU通用公共许可证</span>许可的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">自由软件</span>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.BC.B1.E9.BB.9E" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="弱點" style="user-select: text !important;">弱点</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor就像其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">低延迟</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">匿名网络</span>般,不能够也没有尝试阻止他人监听Tor网络流量的边界(亦即流量进出网络时的情形)。尽管Tor能保护人们免于受到<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流量分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Traffic analysis" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">流量分析</span></span></span>,但它仍不能够防止流量确认(traffic confirmation,亦即端对端确认)的发生<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-one-cell_98-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-fail-both-ends_99-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">一项发表于2009年的研究指出,Tor及另外一套匿名网络系统<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Java Anon Proxy</span>比其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">隧道协议</span>更对<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">网站指纹技术</span>有适应力。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">其原因在于单一节点的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">VPN</span>协议的数据包重新建构次数一般不比使用了多重节点的Tor及Java Anon Proxy多。利用网站指纹识别在传统VPN协议上识别<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">HTTP</span>数据包的准确率达90%,与此相比识别透过Tor发送的数据包的准确率只有2.96%。然而若使用了像<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">OpenVPN</span>及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">OpenSSH</span>般的协议,那么也需要大量数据才可识别HTTP数据包<sup id="cite_ref-ccsw-attacking_100-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">密歇根大学</span>的研究者开发了一款网络扫描仪,能一次扫描86%的可用Tor网桥<sup id="cite_ref-twe-zmap_101-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.9B.A3.E8.81.BD" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="監聽" style="user-select: text !important;">监听</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E6.B2.BB.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F.E7.9B.A3.E8.81.BD" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="自治系统監聽" style="user-select: text !important;">自治系统监听</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">如果“客户至入口中继”及“出口中继至目标地址”这两段网络路径皆为同一个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">自治系统</span>所管辖,那么该系统就能经由统计把入口路段和出口路段划上关系,且有可能推断出客户把数据包发送至哪个目的地。LASTor于2012年发表了一篇论文,当中提出如何预测处于上述两条路径的自治系统的方法,并建议如何在路径选择算法中避免选择由同一个自治系统管辖的路径。在这篇论文中,作者们也以选择较短路径的方式来改善延迟性。<sup id="cite_ref-LASTor-2012_102-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.8F.A3.E7.AF.80.E9.BB.9E.E7.9B.A3.E8.81.BD" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="出口節點監聽" style="user-select: text !important;">出口节点监听</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">瑞典安全顾问丹·艾格斯塔德(Dan Egerstad)在2007年9月透露,他透过运行和监听Tor出口节点来截获一些电子邮件账户的用户名和密码<sup id="cite_ref-wired-rogue-nodes_103-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。由于Tor不能加密出口节点至目标服务器之间的流量,所以任一出口节点皆有能力截获通过它而又没经过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">传输层安全性协议</span>(TLS)或<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">安全套接层</span>(SSL)进行端到端加密的流量。尽管这可能并不对来源端的匿名性构成任何影响,但截获流量的第三方也可能能在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">实际数据</span>和协议数据中找到来源端的信息<sup id="cite_ref-sf-tor-hack_104-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。艾格斯塔德同时担忧情报机构会暗中破坏Tor<sup id="cite_ref-smh-hack-of-year_105-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="user-select: text !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">“若你们认真找一下Tor节点的位置及规模,就会了解一些节点因为使用了大量带宽及成为高负载服务器等原因,而每月花费数千元,为的只是成为一台<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">网络主机</span>。谁会为此付出那么多而不公开自己的身份?”</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">法国<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ESIEA(大學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ESIEA (university)" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">计算机电子技术自动化工程师学院</span></span></span>的一队研究团队在2011年10月宣称找到危害Tor网络安全性的方法——解密经过它的通信<sup id="cite_ref-thn-compromised_106-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-01-chercheurs_107-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。这项技术的前设包括一张关于Tor节点的图表、控制三分之一的Tor节点、获取用于加密的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">密钥</span>以及算法的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="随机种子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Random seed" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">随机种子</span></span></span>。他们宣称他们能够使用已知的密钥及随机种子,解密三层加密中的两层,然后利用基于统计的攻击来解密最后一层。最后为了将流量重定向到他们控制的节点而使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">拒绝服务攻击</span>。Tor对此在官方博客上进行了回应,称该些有关Tor网络的安全性受到损害的传闻过分夸大<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-rumors-exaggerated_108-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E9.87.8F.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90.E6.94.BB.E6.93.8A" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="流量分析攻擊" style="user-select: text !important;">流量分析攻击</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">流量分析攻击可分为两种:被动式及主动式。采用了被动式流量分析攻击的攻击者先会从一端网络找出一段特定流量的特征,然后在另一端网络查找该些特征。采用了主动式流量分析攻击的攻击者会在一端网络按特定模式修改数据包的定时(timings),然后在另一端查找符合该些模式的数据包。攻击者可以籍此把两端的流量联系起来,使其去匿名化<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。即使在数据包上加入定时噪声也好,也有攻击手段能够抗衡它<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">剑桥大学</span>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史蒂文·默多克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steven Murdoch" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">史蒂文·默多克</span></span></span>和乔治·达内兹(George Danezis)在2005年的IEEE流量分析研讨会上发表了一篇论文,其内容提及到一种技术,其能使只知道一部分网络的攻击者推断出哪些中继是用于传递匿名数据流<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-low-cost_110-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。该些技术会大大减低Tor的匿名性。他们的研究也表明,即使数据流不相关,也可以把它们跟同一个来源联系起来。但这种攻击无法找出原始用户的身份<sup id="cite_ref-ieee-low-cost_110-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。默多克自2006年起跟Tor合作,并受到其资助。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id="Tor.E5.87.BA.E5.8F.A3.E7.AF.80.E9.BB.9E.E5.B0.81.E9.8E.96" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tor出口節點封鎖" style="user-select: text !important;">Tor出口节点屏蔽</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">网站营运者有能力屏蔽来自Tor出口节点的流量,或减少Tor用户所能使用的功能。比如除非另有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">豁免</span>,否则使用了Tor的用户是不可能编辑维基百科的,因为维基百科使用了MediaWiki的扩展Torblock<sup id="cite_ref-wikipedia_tor_block_13-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。英国广播公司的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">iPlayer</span>屏蔽了Tor所有的入口和出口节点,但没有屏蔽中继和网桥<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.A3.9E.E8.98.8B.E6.9E.9C.E6.94.BB.E6.93.8A" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="壞蘋果攻擊" style="user-select: text !important;">坏苹果攻击</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2011年3月,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">法国国家信息与自动化研究所</span>和其他外界研究者记录了一种攻击手段,其能够找出利用Tor网络来进行BT上下载的用户的IP地址。坏苹果攻击利用了Tor本身的设计,暴露同时使用两者的Tor用户的IP地址。其中一种攻击手段取决于对出口节点的控制,或被劫持的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">BT服务器</span>的回应。另一种则基于对<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">分布式散列表</span>的追踪统计<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-bad-apple_112-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。研究指出<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-bad-apple_112-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>:</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">坏苹果攻击研究中作者所得出的结果是以针对Tor网络发起的外围攻击为依据的。该攻击以6个出口节点为目标,时长23日,并找出了10,000名活跃Tor用户的IP地址。这一研究的结果具有重大意义,因为它是首项存有正式记录,并针对Tor网络上的P2P文件分享应用程序的攻击<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-bad-apple_112-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。BitTorrent可能占了高达40%的Tor整体流量<sup id="cite_ref-shining-light_113-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。此外坏苹果攻击不仅对BitTorrent有效,且还能有效攻击任何运行在Tor之上的不安全应用程序<sup id="cite_ref-usenix-bad-apple_112-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E4.BA.9B.E6.9A.B4.E9.9C.B2IP.E5.9C.B0.E5.9D.80.E7.9A.84.E5.8D.94.E5.AE.9A" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="一些暴露IP地址的協定" style="user-select: text !important;">一些暴露IP地址的协议</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">来自法国国家信息与自动化研究所的研究者表示,BitTorrent中的Tor掩饰技术可以被控制Tor出口节点的攻击者绕过。该研究以6个出口节点为监控目标,时长23日。研究者在当中使用了三种攻击手段<sup id="cite_ref-manils-compromising_114-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>:</p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">检查BitTorrent的控制信息</dt><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0px;">BT服务器的宣告和扩展协议握手可能包含客户的IP地址。对收集到的数据进行分析后,结果显示33-35%的信息包含客户地址<sup id="cite_ref-manils-compromising_114-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">:3</sup>。</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">劫持BT服务器的回应</dt><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0px;">由于BT服务器和用户群之间的通信缺乏加密或认证,所以传统的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">中间人攻击</span>能使攻击者确定用户群的IP地址,以至验证内容的分布。当Tor仅用于跟BT服务器通信时,此类攻击就能生效<sup id="cite_ref-manils-compromising_114-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">:4</sup>。</dd></dl><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">利用分布式散列表</dt><dd style="margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0px;">此攻击利用了分布式散列表不可能透过Tor连接的事实,因此即使目标使用了Tor连接到其他用户群,攻击者也可以在分布式散列表中查找目标的IP地址<sup id="cite_ref-manils-compromising_114-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">:4–5</sup>。</dd></dl><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">透过这种技术,研究者能够识别用户发起的其他数据流、找出该用户的IP地址<sup id="cite_ref-manils-compromising_114-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.8B.99.E6.93.8A.E6.89.8B.E6.94.BB.E6.93.8A" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="狙擊手攻擊" style="user-select: text !important;">狙击手攻击</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">詹森等人描述了针对Tor节点软件的分布式拒绝服务攻击(DDoS),以及针对该攻击或其变体的防御方式。攻击者会使用串连在一起的服务器和容户端发动攻击,不断地往出口节点的任务队列填入要求,直到节点的存储器不足以应付为止。此举能使受到攻击的出口节点不能为其他(真正的)客户提供服务。攻击者可以透过这种方式来攻击大部分出口节点,使网络降速,及增加用户使用由攻击者控制的节点的机会<sup id="cite_ref-andssy-sniper_115-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.BF.83.E8.84.8F.E5.87.BA.E8.A1.80.E6.BC.8F.E6.B4.9E" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="心脏出血漏洞" style="user-select: text !important;">心脏出血漏洞</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2014年4月,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">OpenSSL</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">心脏出血漏洞</span>使Tor网络受到了几天的影响,期间Tor网络的中继要生成新的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">私有密钥</span>。Tor项目建议中继和隐藏服务的营运者在修补OpenSSL后,应撤销并生成新密钥,但同时指出,两套Tor中继密钥及多次跳转的设计已最大限度地减少了单一中继遭窃取所造成的影响<sup id="cite_ref-torproject-openssl-cve_116-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。为了防止用户受到此漏洞的影响,随后发现存在漏洞的586个中继被强制下线<sup id="cite_ref-ml-rejecting_117-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-news-20140416_118-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars-ranks-cut_119-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tp-blacklisting_120-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E7.B9.BC.E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E6.B5.81.E9.87.8F.E7.A2.BA.E8.AA.8D.E6.94.BB.E6.93.8A" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="中繼早期流量確認攻擊" style="user-select: text !important;">中继早期流量确认攻击</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2014年7月30日,Tor项目发布了一项有关“中继早期流量确认攻击”的安全问题警告,于当中指出他们发现一组尝试使洋葱服务的用户和营运者去匿名化的中继<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。用以攻击的洋葱服务目录节点会修改单元的表头,使它们分别标记为“中继”或“中继早期”单元,用以编码额外的信息,然后把其发送给用户/营运者。若用户/营运者的入口中继也为攻击者所控制,那么便有可能能够获取用户/营运者的IP地址及所请求的洋葱服务信息。由于该些中继是特意设计成“适合充当洋葱服务目录”或“适合充当入口中继”的,所以洋葱服务的用户和洋葱服务皆有机会利用该些目录节点或入口节点<sup id="cite_ref-relay-early-attack_122-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">该些节点在2014年1月30日加入网络,同年7月4日Tor项目把它们从网络中移除<sup id="cite_ref-relay-early-attack_122-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。尽管相关攻击于何时开始尚是不明,但Tor官方表示,2-7月期间洋葱服务用户和营运者的IP地址可能已经泄漏<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">除了从网络中移除用以攻击的中继以外,Tor项目官方还提到了以下减低影响的措施:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">修复中继的软件,使其不会把表头标记为“中继早期”的非预期单元转提交去<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">计划升级用户的网络代理软件,令其能够检验有否从中继中收到“中继早期”单元(正常情况下不会出现这种情况)<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,以及把“三个中继都是随机选择”的设置换成只固定连接到某一个入口节点,用以减低连接至受到攻击的中继的可能性<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">建议洋葱服务的营运者考虑把服务器搬至另一处地方<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">提醒用户和营运者若攻击者控制或监听了Tor线路的两端,那么流量就无可避免地可被攻击者去匿名化<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2014年11月,由全球司法部门开展的“去匿名化行动”导致了来自不同地区的17人被捕,故此后来有推测指Tor的漏洞已被人利用。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">欧洲刑警组织</span>的代表不愿透露锁定目标时所用的方法,称:“我们想把一些事保持在只有我们知道的状态。我们所使用的方法不能够透露给全世界知道,因为我们会一而再,再而三地使用该套方法<sup id="cite_ref-Wired-2014-11-07_38-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。”英国广播公司引述评论指这是“技术性破解”<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2014-11-07_39-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,并称该套方法能让人知道服务器的地理位置,指最初公布的渗入网站数量引来了漏洞已被人利用的猜测。Tor的代表安德鲁·勒曼(Andrew Lewman)认为Tor已被破解的可能性颇低,并认为警方所使用的目标锁定方法较有可能是“传统的那一套”<sup id="cite_ref-crisis_129-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">“去匿名化行动”的法庭文件<sup id="cite_ref-Motherboard2015_42-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>于次年引起人们对研究伦理<sup id="cite_ref-tor-blog-FBI_40-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>及《美国宪法第四修正案》所保证的“不能受到无理搜查”的权利之关注<sup id="cite_ref-net-security-2015_41-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。此外文件和专家的意见也可能显示网络攻击与执法行动之间的关系,该些证据包括:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">对丝路2.0的管理员发出之搜查令表明,2014年1月-7月期间,美国联邦调查局收到从“大学研究所”发出的信息,其内容有关“像RS2般的隐藏服务和TOR的IP地址”,这使得“最少另外17个建构于TOR之上的黑市网站”和“最少78个访问供应商的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">.onion</span>地址的用户之IP地址”遭到识别。其中之一便是上述管理员的IP地址<sup id="cite_ref-Motherboard2015_42-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">加利福尼亚大学柏克莱分校</span><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國際電腦科學研究所" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Computer Science Institute" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">国际计算机科学研究所</span></span></span>的一位资深研究员在接受訪問时说,跟美国联邦调查局合作的“几乎可以肯定”是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">卡内基·梅隆大学</span><sup id="cite_ref-Motherboard2015_42-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,这与Tor项目及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">普林斯顿大学</span>计算机科学系教授<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·費爾滕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Felten" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">爱德华·费尔滕</span></span></span>的估计一致;后者更把估计范围收窄至该大学的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="電腦網路危機處理暨協調中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="CERT Coordination Center" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">电脑网络危机处理暨协调中心</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-tor-blog-FBI_40-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Felton2014_131-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">费尔滕在7月31日发表的分析中,除了指出这种做法所引起的伦理问题外,还质疑该做法是否符合协调中心的原本目的——“防止攻击、通知相关人员、把漏洞对大众公布”,因为他们是在“没有通知相关人员的情况下实施大规模长期性攻击,且没有就发现漏洞一事向大众公布”<sup id="cite_ref-Felton2014_131-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E9.BC.A0.E6.A8.99.E6.8C.87.E7.B4.8B" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="鼠標指紋" style="user-select: text !important;">鼠标指纹</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">一位来自<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">巴塞罗那</span>的信息安全研究者在2016年3月展示了一项实验室技术,该项技术能透过JavaScript在1毫秒的层面上进行时间测量<sup id="cite_ref-Researcher_finds_new_methods_of_deanonymizing_Tor_users_132-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。它可以识别用户的独特鼠标移动方式,并使其跟先后利用Tor浏览器和常规浏览器访问了同一个“指纹识别”网站的用户划上关系<sup id="cite_ref-Click_bait_133-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。是项技术利用了“透过JavaScript进行时间测量”这一项在Tor项目上无指定验证时间的概念<sup id="cite_ref-Open_Ticket_for_Ten_Months_134-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.B5.84.E6.96.99.E5.A4.A7.E5.B0.8F.E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.A1.E6.81.AF" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="资料大小相關信息" style="user-select: text !important;">资料大小相关信息</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">一项研究指出“匿名方案仅能降低选择监控目标的有效度”,它们一般“不会隐藏对于目标选择而言是必要的资料大小信息”<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.AF.A6.E6.96.BD.E6.96.B9.E6.A1.88" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="實施方案" style="user-select: text !important;">实施方案</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor主要由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">C语言</span>编写而成,紧随其后的有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Python</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">JavaScript</span>等<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">编程语言</span>。截至2018年12月,它共有693,393行<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">源代码</span><sup id="cite_ref-openhub-tor_6-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id="Tor.E6.B5.8F.E8.A7.88.E5.99.A8" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tor浏览器" style="user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><table class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: small; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; user-select: text !important; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em;" cellspacing="3"><caption class="summary" style="user-select: text !important; font-size: larger;"><b style="user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器</b></caption><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="Tor Browser运行于Ubuntu的启动画面 - about:tor" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tor-9.png/300px-Tor-9.png" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="794" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="300" height="244"></span><div style="user-select: text !important;">Tor Browser运行于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Ubuntu</span>的启动画面 - about:tor</div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">开发者</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">Tor项目公司</td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">稳定版本</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div style="user-select: text !important;">9.5.4<div style="user-select: text !important; display: inline;">(2020年8月25日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​14天前</span><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</div></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">预览版本</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div style="user-select: text !important;">10.0a6<div style="user-select: text !important; display: inline;">(2020年8月26日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​13天前</span><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)</div></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">源代码库</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist" style="user-select: text !important;"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; line-height: inherit;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span class="url" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px;" class="external text">gitweb<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.torproject<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.org<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/tor<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.git</span></span></li></ul></div><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><img alt="编辑维基数据链接" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top; user-select: text !important;" width="10" height="10"></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">引擎</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Gecko</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">操作系统</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Windows XP</span>或更新</li><li style="margin: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Unix-like</span>(包含<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">OS X</span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">文件大小</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap; user-select: text !important;">55–75 MB</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">语言</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">32种语言<sup id="cite_ref-tor90_138-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">类型</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">洋葱路由</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">匿名</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">网页浏览器</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">聚合器</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">许可协议</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">GNU通用公共许可证</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">网站</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="url" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px;" class="external text">www<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.torproject<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.org<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/download<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><b style="user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器</b>,前身为<b style="user-select: text !important;">Tor Browser Bundle</b>(TBB)<sup id="cite_ref-tbb_139-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,是Tor项目的旗舰产品<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Mozilla Firefox ESR</span>浏览器修改而成,并由Tor Project开发人员做了许多安全性和隐私保护的调校,预载TorButton、TorLauncher、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">NoScript</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">HTTPS Everywhere</span>等扩展与Tor<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">代理</span><sup id="cite_ref-tbb-design-document_141-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wu8-ubuntu-ppa_142-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。其为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">开源软件</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">自由软件</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">绿色软件</span>,可在多种<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">操作系统</span>上运行,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Windows</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Mac OS X</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Linux</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Unix</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Android</span><sup id="cite_ref-lj-portable_143-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器在后台启动Tor进程并透过其连接网络。一旦程序断开连接,Tor浏览器便会自动删除隐私敏感数据,如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">cookie</span>和浏览历史记录<sup id="cite_ref-wu8-ubuntu-ppa_142-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor浏览器本身提供<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">SOCKS代理服务</span>,一些应用程序已可借此使用Tor网络。若结合代理服务器软件<span>&nbsp;</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Privoxy</span>,可以让所有走<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">HTTP</span>/<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">HTTPS</span>协议的连网应用程序、以及所有能够设置HTTP/HTTPS代理的应用程序都透过Tor网络来上网。<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">斯图尔特·德雷奇(Stuart Dredge)在2013年11月,亦即一系列的全球监控被揭露之后,于《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">卫报</span>》上建议人们使用Tor浏览器,以避免被窃听及保障自身隐私<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-what-is-tor_146-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id="Firefox.2FTor.E7.80.8F.E8.A6.BD.E5.99.A8.E6.94.BB.E6.93.8A" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Firefox/Tor瀏覽器攻擊" style="user-select: text !important;">Firefox/Tor浏览器攻击</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2011年,荷兰当局在调查网上流通的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">儿童色情</span>作品时,发现Tor洋葱服务网站“Pedoboard”的管理员的IP地址,并把这项信息转交给美国联邦调查局跟进。联邦调查局借此锁定其拥有者为亚伦·麦格拉思(Aaron
McGrath)。在经过1年的监控后,联邦调查局展开名为“Operation
Torpedo”的行动,拘捕麦格拉思,并在由麦格拉思管理的3个洋葱服务网站上安装恶意软件,获取访问用户的信息<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。 当中利用了Firefox/Tor浏览器经已修补的漏洞,故此以不安装更新,并安装了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Flash</span>的用户为目标。该漏洞能让联邦调查局直接把用户的IP地址<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">ping</span>回自身的服务器<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,这个漏洞导致至少25名美国用户以及众多外国用户的IP地址曝光<sup id="cite_ref-WiredDeFoggi_152-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。麦格拉思于2014年初被判处20年徒刑,随后有18名用户陆续被判刑,当中包括一名<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">美国卫生及公共服务部</span>前网络安全代理总监<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2013年8月,<mark class="template-facttext" style="background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: -0.3em 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span title="非常模棱两可或者十分空泛的语句" style="user-select: text !important;">有人</span></mark><sup class="noprint" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect"><span title="缺少主语或者主语不够具体的语句修正请求开始于2019年2月4日。" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">[谁?]</span></span></span></sup>发现很多旧版本的Tor Browser Bundle所捆绑的Firefox皆会受到一种JavaScript攻击的影响<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-peeling_16-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。攻击者可以借此提取用户的IP和MAC地址、以及Windows电脑名称<sup id="cite_ref-iw-info-stealing_155-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired-feds-are-suspects_156-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghowen-fby-analysis_157-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。新闻将此跟提供Tor匿名网页托管服务的Freedom Hosting的负责人埃里克·埃恩·马克斯(Eric Eoin Marques)被捕划上联系,他因美国法院于7月29日发出的临时引渡令而被捕<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span title="来源请求。" style="user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">[来源请求]</span></span></sup>。他被指控分发、密谋分发、宣传,以及协助和教唆他人宣传儿童色情物品。逮捕令称马克斯为“这个星球上最大的儿童色情物品推动者”<sup id="cite_ref-mirror-marques_158-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-old-vulnerable_159-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。联邦调查局于2013年9月12日在都柏林提交的法庭文件中承认了这起JavaScript攻击<sup id="cite_ref-wired-fbi-controlled_160-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">爱德华·斯诺登</span>泄露的培训演示文稿中透露了更多有关该漏洞的细节,并揭示了该漏洞的代号——“EgotisticalGiraffe”<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-how-nsa_161-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。而<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Mozilla</span>已在2012年11月发布的Firefox 17版修补了该漏洞<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Tor_Messenger" style="user-select: text !important;">Tor Messenger</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><table class="infobox vevent" style="font-size: small; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; user-select: text !important; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em;" cellspacing="3"><caption class="summary" style="user-select: text !important; font-size: larger;"><b style="user-select: text !important;">Tor Messenger</b></caption><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="Tor-messenger.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tor-messenger.svg/128px-Tor-messenger.svg.png" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="128" height="96"></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">开发者</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">Tor项目公司</td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">初始版本</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">2015年10月29日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​4年前</span><sup id="cite_ref-auto_163-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">预览版本</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div style="user-select: text !important;">0.5.0-beta-1<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><div style="user-select: text !important; display: inline;">(2017年9月28日<span class="noprint" style="user-select: text !important;">,​2年前</span>)</div></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">源代码库</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px; overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="external free">https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-messenger-build.git</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">编程语言</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">C、C++、JavaScript、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">CSS</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">XUL</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">操作系统</span></th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Windows XP</span>及其后版本</li><li style="margin: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: inline;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Unix-like</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(包含<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">macOS</span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">语言</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">英语</td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">网站</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="url" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px;" class="external text">trac<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.torproject<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">.org<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/projects<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/tor<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/wiki<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/doc<wbr style="display: inline-block; user-select: text !important;">/TorMessenger</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2015年10月29日,Tor项目公司发布了一款基于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Instantbird</span>的即时通信程序的测试版——Tor Messenger,默认情况下透过Tor连接及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">不会留下通信记录</span><sup id="cite_ref-auto_163-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。它跟<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Pidgin</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Adium</span>一样,能够支持多种通信协议;但是,它却不依赖libpurple函数库来实现之,反之用存储器安全性较佳的语言JavaScript来实现所有通信协议的支持<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor Messenger于2018年4月因数据必然泄露至社交网站、人手不足及Instantbird停止维护等问题而结束<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E6.96.B9.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="第三方應用" style="user-select: text !important;">第三方应用</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Brave浏览器</span>(电脑版)<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">BitTorrent</span>客户端<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Vuze</span><sup id="cite_ref-vuze-tor_168-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、匿名消息系统<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">比特信</span><sup id="cite_ref-bitmessage-faq_169-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>及即时通信软件<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="TorChat" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="TorChat" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">TorChat</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>皆支持Tor。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">保卫者计划</span>是一项为了提高智能手机的通信安全性,而开发相关固件和应用的活动<sup id="cite_ref-guardianproject-about_171-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。由这个计划开发的Tor相关产品包括Tor实施工具<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Orbot</span><sup id="cite_ref-guardianproject-orbot_172-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、隐私增强型移动浏览器Orweb(官方不再提供下载)<sup id="cite_ref-n8fr8_173-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、Orfox(Tor浏览器的移动版本)<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、Firefox附加组件ProxyMob (官方不再提供下载)<sup id="cite_ref-guardianproject-proxymob_175-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.81.B4.E9.87.8D.E5.AE.89.E5.85.A8.E7.9A.84.E4.BD.9C.E6.A5.AD.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="側重安全的作業系統" style="user-select: text !important;">侧重安全的操作系统</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">一些侧重安全的GNU/Linux发行版会广泛使用Tor,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Linux From Scratch</span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Incognito(作業系統)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Incognito(operating system)" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Incognito</span></span></span>、Liberté Linux、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Qubes OS</span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Subgraph" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subgraph" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Subgraph</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Tails</span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tor-ramdisk" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tor-ramdisk" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Tor-ramdisk</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Whonix</span><sup id="cite_ref-xakep-whole-hog_176-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF.E5.8F.8A.E5.8F.8D.E6.87.89" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="影響及反應" style="user-select: text !important;">影响及反应</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor因能为担忧监控和被捕的政治活动家、规避网络审查的网民、受到缠扰者暴力对待或威胁的人提供匿名隐私保护,而受到赞赏<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。美国国家安全局称Tor为“具有高安全性及低延迟性特点的互联网匿名系统之王”<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-nsa-target_15-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">彭博商业周刊</span>》形容Tor为“规避各国情报机构所尝试进行的在线监控的最有效方案”<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。此外其他媒体对Tor有着以下的评价:“一款极为成熟的隐私保障工具”<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、“容易上手”<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、“即使是世界上最顶尖的电子间谍也对如何破解Tor束手无策”<sup id="cite_ref-thecable_73-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor的支持者称它能透过保障用户的匿名性和隐私性的方式,来促进<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">言论自由</span>;即使是在互联网受到审查的国家也是如此。还有评价指“Tor就像<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">基础设施</span>的一部分,政府自然会为他们想要使用的基础设施付费”<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor最初是由美国情报机构开发的,此后维护Tor所需的一大部分费用也是由美国联邦政府所捐助,因此有批评指:“它更像是一个间谍项目,欠缺问责性及透明度,只是一款因文化而生的工具”<sup id="cite_ref-pando_21-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。截至2012年,Tor的200万美元总年度预算当中有约8成来自美国政府,当中大多数捐款来自美国国务院、美国国际媒体署、国家科学基金会<sup id="cite_ref-boston-free-speech-tech_184-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,用以“帮助专制国家的民主支持者”<sup id="cite_ref-NDR_17-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。其他有参与捐款的公共机构包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">美国海军研究实验室</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">国防高等研究计划署</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">瑞典政府</span><sup id="cite_ref-torproject-sponsors_36-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj-anonymous-contraversial_185-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。有意见指政府重视Tor对推动言论自由的承诺,并会暗中利用暗网收集情报<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。Tor也有收到部分<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">非政府组织</span>和私人机构的捐款,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">人权观察</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Reddit</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Google</span><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。丁莱迪称美国国防部的捐款“与其说是采购合同,倒不说其更像研究补助金”。Tor的前任运行董事德鲁·勒曼称,虽然它接受了美国联邦政府的捐款,但“我们没有跟美国国家安全局合作,没有跟其一起找出用户的身份”<sup id="cite_ref-wp-feds-pay_188-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">批评者指责Tor不像其所标榜的那样安全<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,并以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">丝路</span>、Freedom Hosting等例子为佐证<sup id="cite_ref-pando_21-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。《卫报》在爱德华·斯诺登泄露一糸列分析性文件后,报导指美国国家安全局曾不断地尝试破解Tor,但仍未能破坏其核心安全性,不过在攻击Tor用户的电脑方面获取了部分成功<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-nsa-target_15-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。《卫报》也把美国国家安全局的2012年幻灯片刊出,其内容指:“我们一直以来都无法使所有Tor用户去匿名化”,即使“加上了人手分析,我们也就只能使极少一部分的Tor用户去匿名化”<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。被捕的Tor用户多因为人为错误而被捕<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">明镜周刊</span>》在2014年末的报告中使用了经由斯诺登泄露出去的资料,指截至2012年为止,美国国家安全局认为Tor本身就是其使命的“主要威胁”,并把与“像<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">OTR</span>、Cspace、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ZRTP" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ZRTP" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">ZRTP</span></span></span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">RedPhone</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Tails</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">TrueCrypt</span>般的隐私工具”并用的情况称为“灾难性的”,令“我们几乎完全丧失/缺乏对目标通信的洞察力”<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel2_192-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiegel1_193-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2011年,Tor赢得<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">自由软件基金会</span>的2010年度社会福利自由软件大奖。该基金会指:“Tor已使全世界大约3,600万人能够在互联网上实现访问和言论自由,同时又能够保障他们的隐私性和匿名性。它的网络已在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">伊朗</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">埃及</span>的持不同政见者运动中发挥关键作用<sup id="cite_ref-fsf-award_194-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。”</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">在2012年,《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">外交政策</span>》把丁格伦、马修森、西维森并行在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">FT 100全球知识分子</span>名单之上,因为他们为“告密者提供一个更安全的网络环境”<sup id="cite_ref-fp-top100-thinkers_195-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">电脑安全研究员<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雅各·布阿貝爾鮑姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jacob Appelbaum" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="ilh-page" style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">雅各·布阿贝尔鲍姆</span></span></span>在2013年称Tor为“软件生态系统的一部分,其能帮助人们收回及重新获得他们的自主权。它有助于使人们赋权、助人自助。它是开放的,并得到了各个大型社区的支持。”<sup id="cite_ref-verge-applebaum_196-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">爱德华·斯诺登</span>于2013年6月利用Tor把<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">棱镜项目</span>的资料发送给《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">华盛顿邮报</span>》和《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">卫报</span>》<sup id="cite_ref-erste-darknet_197-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">在2014年,俄罗斯政府签订了一份值111,000美元的合同,为的是“研究在Tor匿名网络中获取用户及其设备的技术性信息的可能性<sup id="cite_ref-ars-111k_198-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcw-111k_199-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。”</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">2014年10月,Tor项目从外部公关公司聘请了公关,以改善其公众形象(特别是想改善<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">暗网</span>方面的负面印象),并就Tor的应用技术向记者提供教育<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.AE.89.E5.85.A8.E6.80.A7" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="安全性" style="user-select: text !important;">安全性</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">尽管Tor以修补漏洞及增进安全性的方式来回应上述弱点,但是人为错误可引致用户身份遭到识别。Tor项目在其官网上提供了如何正确地使用Tor的指引。不正确地使用Tor是不能够保障用户的身份不遭到识别。譬如Tor提醒其用户只有经Tor浏览器路由的流量受到保护,其他流量一概不受保护。Tor还提醒用户应使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">HTTPS</span>版本的网站、不要在Tor之上进行BT下载、不要再自行加插拓展和插件、不要在保持连线时打开经由Tor下载的文件、使用安全的网桥<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。此外Tor亦警告用户不要在网上披露真实名称等个人消息,同时应在网络上保持匿名<sup id="cite_ref-stayan_202-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">尽管情报机构在2013年的分析声称,他们能在6个月内把8成Tor用户去匿名化<sup id="cite_ref-arstechnica.com_203-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,但这终究没有得到实现。事实上截至2016年9月,FBI仍无法找到入侵<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">希拉里·克林顿</span>电子邮件服务器的Tor用户的真实身份<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">从手段来看,执法机构对Tor用户进行去匿名化的最佳策略仍是自行运行一个节点和依赖于Tor用户的人为错误,比如经Tor浏览器下载视频后,再在保持连线的情况下,以未受保护的硬盘开启之<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="中国" style="user-select: text !important;">中国</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">Tor在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">中国</span>被许多人用于突破<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">防火长城</span>,这主要是因为中国大陆屏蔽了大量的海外网站和服务器。Tor会自动检测节点是否可达目标地址。如果返回错误无法到达,它会自动更换节点。相应地,这种技术也可以用在中国大陆境外模拟中国大陆境内的节点,以访问一些境外无法访问的内容。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">而防火长城对于Tor一直没有很好的解决方法。现行比较有效的方法是对未使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">SSL</span>(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">HTTPS</span>)加密的连接进行特征检测并重置连接,或对已知节点和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">网桥</span>进行IP地址屏蔽,也有在中国境内创建Tor的虚假节点以对通过其传输的数据进行最大限度的审查<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">作为反制,有部分大陆网民自发在中国境内建起网桥,帮助中国大陆境内未能连接上Tor网络的用户连接。</p><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">2009年9月以后的一段时间内,使用的Tor的0.2.1.19版本,并不使用网桥的情况之下无法创建Tor的连接。然而使用的Tor的稳定版0.2.1.20,仍能够创建Tor的连接,突破网络封锁且不需要勾选“我的ISP阻挡了对Tor网络的连接”的选项,即使用网桥。从理论上来说,在使用网桥的情况下,Tor的总能创建连接,而不被封锁,因为网桥是可以动态更新的。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">2010年6月3日前后的一段时间内,使用Tor的0.2.1.26版本,在使用Bridges的情况之下,创建Tor的连接也相当的困难,显示的信息是“创建Tor回路failed”,这说明防火长城成功侦测并截断了Tor的连接。但Tor的连接一旦创建后切断并不容易,所以Tor一旦成功创建连接后就无法被防火长城干扰。同年8月前后至今,Tor又可以连接上。据全球互联网自由联盟上的用户说,只要加一次网桥,接下来就可以轻松连上Tor网络。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">但在2011年1月之后,中国大陆有网民反映,Tor即使更换了网桥也无法正常连接上,但事实上这是网桥已经被屏蔽的结果<sup id="cite_ref-Tor-Bridges-1_207-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tor-Bridges-2_208-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。对于长期频繁使用和连接Tor的用户来说,由于Tor会缓存节点路由信息,所以只要这些节点或网桥没被封锁,他们照样能正常使用Tor。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">自2011年10月后,当中国的一个Tor客户端与美国的网桥中继创建连接,一个中国的数据探针会在15分钟周期内尝试与Tor进行SSL协商和重协商,但目的不是创建TCP连接。12月后这种行为停止<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li></ul><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;">自Tor Browser4.5发布后,借助meek网桥,中国大陆用户可以接通Tor网络。</li></ul><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="参见" style="user-select: text !important;">参见</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; clear: right; float: right; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 14.0325px; display: table; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 175px; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12.7568px; font-weight: bold;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: table-row;"><span style="user-select: text !important; display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" class="noviewer" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="28" height="28"></span></span><span style="user-select: text !important; display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">互联网主题</span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: table-row;"><span style="user-select: text !important; display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" class="noviewer" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="28" height="28"></span><span style="user-select: text !important; display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">自由软件主题</span></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important; display: table-row;"><span style="user-select: text !important; display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg/32px-Desktop_computer_clipart_-_Yellow_theme.svg.png" class="noviewer" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="203" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="32" height="23"></span><span style="user-select: text !important; display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">信息技术主题</span></span></li></ul></div><div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="user-select: text !important; margin-top: 0.3em; column-count: 2;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">XeroBank Browser</span>(即原<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Torpark</span>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Vidalia</span>——Tor的图形配置软件,曾有Tor+Privoxy+Vidalia整装包,现在改为Tor+<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Polipo</span>+Vidalia。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Privoxy</span>——本是一个http代理服务器,但经常作为Tor客户端的伴侣,作用相当于socks4、socks5到socks4a的桥梁,因为Tor客户端使用socks4a可以得到更高的安全性。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">I2P</span>:I2P网络是由I2P路由器以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">大蒜路由</span>方式组成的表层网络,创建于其上的应用程序可以安全匿名的相互通信。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">JAP</span>——一个Java写的匿名<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">代理服务器</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">Softether</span>-日本程序员<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">登大游</span>就读<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">筑波大学</span>时写的虚拟<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">以太网</span>软件,于2003年公开1.0版,因免费简洁而在Internet上曾广泛传播。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">Shadowsocks</span>——一个安全的socks5代理</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">VNN</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">VPN-X</span>——由BirdsSoft开发的一套Java P2P VPN解决方案,利用了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">TUN与TAP</span>技术</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">HTTPS</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">代理服务器</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">突破网络审查</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">中国网络审查</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">网络安全</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important; break-inside: avoid-column;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">名侦探柯南:零的运行人</span>——剧情将Tor改编为Nor,嫌犯用来IOT恐怖攻击。</li></ul></div></div></div></div>
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