SYSOP 发表于 2020-9-8 09:14:46

苏美尔

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" lang="zh-Hans-CN">苏美尔<span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h1><div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content" style="position: relative; z-index: 0; font-size: 0.938em; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; display: block; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important;" class="mw-jump-link">跳到导航</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; display: block; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; border: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important;" class="mw-jump-link">跳到搜索</span><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox" style="font-size: small; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em;" cellspacing="3"><caption style="font-size: larger;"><b>苏美尔</b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="Sumer Dynasty.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sumer_Dynasty.svg/300px-Sumer_Dynasty.svg.png" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="383" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" height="242"></span><br><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="Cities of Sumer (en).svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cities_of_Sumer_%28en%29.svg/300px-Cities_of_Sumer_%28en%29.svg.png" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="480" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" height="330"></span><div>苏美尔文明的大致分布区域和主要城邦。当时的海岸线邻近乌尔。</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">地理范围</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">美索不达米亚</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">时期</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">新石器时代</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">青铜时代</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">时间</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">约<span style="white-space: nowrap;">4500</span>&nbsp;– 约<span style="white-space: nowrap;">1900 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">先前文化</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">欧贝德时期</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">继承文化</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">阿卡德帝国</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>苏美尔</b>(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">阿卡德语</span>:<span lang="akk-latn">Šumeru</span>;<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">苏美尔语</span>:<span lang="sux-latn">ki-en-ĝir<sub style="line-height: 1;">15</sub></span>)为目前发现于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">美索不达米亚文明</span>中最早的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">文明</span>体系,同时也是全世界最早产生的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">文明</span>之一。苏美尔文明主要位于美索不达米亚的南部,通过放射性<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">碳十四</span>的断代测试,表明苏美尔文明的开端可以追溯至公元前4500年。在约公元前2000年结束,被<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">亚摩利</span>人建立的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">巴比伦</span>所代替。这里发现的含有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">楔形文字</span>前文字的最古老的石板被定期为距今约56世纪前。苏美尔人被认为发明了世界上最早的文字,他们在粘土片上书写自己的文字。</p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 14.2576px; display: table;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 14.2576px; font-weight: bold; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">目录</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 13.4021px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">背景</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">历史</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">起源</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">早期高度文明</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">苏美尔早王朝时期</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">阿卡德王国时代</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">苏美尔复兴</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">乌尔第三王朝</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">没落</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">经济</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">农业和狩猎</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">贸易</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">技术</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">数学方面</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">建筑</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">军事</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">文化</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">语言与文字</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">宗教</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7.2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">冥界的概念</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">遗产</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">注释</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">参考文献</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">引用</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">10.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">来源</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">11</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">参见</span></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="背景">背景</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人这个名字并不是自己的称呼,而是其他人给他们的名字,最早使用这个名字的是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阿卡德人</span>。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">苏美尔人</span>称自己为“黑头人”,他们称其居住的地方为“文明的君主的地方”,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阿卡德人</span>所使用的“苏美尔人”(<span lang="la">Shumer</span>)这个词有可能是这个名称的一个地方<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">方言</span>的变异。苏美尔人的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">语言</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">文化</span>,可能也包括外表,都与他们的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">闪族</span>邻居和继承人不同。苏美尔人是美索不达米亚的本地人,从前53世纪到<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">前4千年</span>的早期<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">欧贝德时期</span>开始美索不达米亚南部的居住文化就是连续的。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">今天的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">伊拉克</span>南部干旱的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">冲积平原</span>是一个对当地居民来说很困难的地区。要在这里生存下来,这里的人必须有控制<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">底格里斯河</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">幼发拉底河</span>的能力来保证全年<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">灌溉</span>和饮用水的来源。在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">苏美尔语</span>中<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">运河</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">堤坝</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">水库</span>这样的词非常丰富。欧贝德<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-disambig">陶瓷</span>与更早的北方的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨迈拉文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samarra culture"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">萨迈拉文化</span></span></span>(前58世纪到前50世纪)的陶瓷是有联系的。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨迈拉文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samarra culture"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">萨迈拉文化</span></span></span>的人利用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">底格里斯河</span>及其支流的水来进行早期的、原始的灌溉农业。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">1980年代<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">法国</span>考古学家在今天的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">拉尔萨</span>附近发掘出来的居民点非常明确地显示出两个文化之间的联系。在这里八层欧贝德文化早期的陶瓷与萨迈拉文化的陶瓷并存。苏美尔人从这里向南扩展,他们低级的社会组织和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">技术</span>为他们提供了这样的条件,他们有能力控制水,在一个困难的环境中生存和发展,而当地原来的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">采猎文化</span>无法与他们竞争。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔语在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">语言学</span>中是一个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">孤立语言</span>,它不属于任何<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">语族</span>。而<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阿卡德语</span>属于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">闪含语系</span>。新的观点中,苏美尔语在某些时候与<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">中国</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">汉藏语系</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">西班牙</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">巴斯克语</span>一起归入<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">得内-高加索语系</span>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="历史">历史</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 242px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cities_of_Sumer_%28en%29.svg/240px-Cities_of_Sumer_%28en%29.svg.png" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="480" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="240" height="264"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">苏美尔地图</div></div></div><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="起源">起源</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人在两河流域创造了发达的人类早期文明,苏美尔人来自何处,苏美尔文明发源于何处,目前仍是一个谜。据考证,黑头发的苏美尔人既不是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">印欧人</span>的一支,也不是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">闪米特人</span>的一支。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E9.AB.98.E5.BA.A6.E6.96.87.E6.98.8E"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="早期高度文明">早期高度文明</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">历史学家把从公元前4000年到公元前3000之间的苏美尔文明称作“早期高度文明”,一方面,这一时期各苏美尔<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">城邦</span>都已经存在,苏美尔人的文字也已经存在,但是这段时期的历史仍然很不清楚,原因可能有多个方面的,比如考古发现的不充分,或者文明刚刚起步之时,本身尚未进行系统性的历史记载等。现在发现的这一时期的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">楔形文字</span>的文献主要是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">经济</span>或者<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">行政</span>方面的文书,尚无法勾勒出当时完整的历史来。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">最早的苏美尔时期由数个独立的城市国家组成,这些城市国家之间以<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">运河</span>和界石分割。每个城市国家的中心是该城市守护神的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">庙</span>。每个城市国家由一个主持该城市的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">宗教仪式</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">祭司</span>或国王统治。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.8B.8F.E7.BE.8E.E5.B0.94.E6.97.A9.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="苏美尔早王朝时期">苏美尔早王朝时期</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 242px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ur-Nassiriyah.jpg/240px-Ur-Nassiriyah.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="240" height="180"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">乌尔城邦遗址</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">从考古所得的史料来看,由公元前2900年开始,苏美尔城邦进入一个“诸国争霸”的时代。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">比较大的城市有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">埃利都</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">启什</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">拉格什</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">乌鲁克</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌尔</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">尼普尔</span>。这些城市因水权、贸易道路和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">游牧民族</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">进贡</span>等事务进行了近千年为时不断的互相争战。考古已经能大致勾勒出当时的历史情况,但是由于考古发现的史料有限,今天人们所知道的那段历史可能只是实际情况的冰山一角。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">基什被认为曾经是一个比较强大的城邦,因为后来许多苏美尔君主甚至没有实际统治过基什,却自称基什之王。(不过现在也有历史学家认为,这并不足以说明基什曾经称霸,自称基什之王可能有其他如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">宗教</span>方面的原因)已证实最早存在的国王就是基什国王<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩美巴拉格西</span>。后来一些比较强大的城邦是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">乌鲁克</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌尔</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">温马</span>,以及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">拉格什</span>等。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">考古学家在拉格什发现了王室的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">铭文</span>,使今天的人们得以知道从公元前2500年到公元前2350年约一百五十年间完整的拉格什国王列表,以及相关的史事,也使得拉格什成为苏美尔各城邦中,唯一比较完整了解的城邦。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">约公元前2500年左右,拉格什强大起来,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">乌尔南什</span>王时,拉格什在苏美尔中称霸,到了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">安那吐姆</span>王和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩铁美那</span>王时,拉格什征服了不少地方,苏美尔颇有统一的趋势。后来,国王<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">卢加尔安达</span>因治国不善,引起了暴动,一个名叫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌鲁卡基那</span>的人推翻了卢加尔安达的统治,在平民的拥护下登上王位,并进行了已知人类历史上第一次政治改革运动,和编撰《乌尔卡基那法典》,以此试图维护平民的利益。正当拉格什内乱之时,苏美尔各国爆发了大规模的战争,温马王<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">卢加尔扎克西</span>征服拉格什,杀死乌鲁卡基那,并血洗全城。乌鲁卡基那在位仅六年,他的改革也因此而废弃。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">温马的祭司国王卢加尔扎克西消灭拉格什的王朝,占领乌鲁克,并将它作为他的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">首都</span>,他自称他的帝国从<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">波斯湾</span>一直延伸到<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">地中海</span>。但是闪族的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-disambig">阿卡德</span>国王<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig">萨尔贡</span>打败了卢加尔扎克西,俘虏了他,而苏美尔城邦的历史也就此结束。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E9.98.BF.E5.8D.A1.E5.BE.B7.E7.8E.8B.E5.9B.BD.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="阿卡德王国时代">阿卡德王国时代</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阿卡德王国</span>统一了美索不达米亚,但<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阿卡德人</span>属于闪族,并非苏美尔人。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.8B.8F.E7.BE.8E.E5.B0.94.E5.A4.8D.E5.85.B4"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="苏美尔复兴">苏美尔复兴</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在阿卡德王国晚期,不少苏美尔城邦开始复兴,最后阿卡德被蛮族<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">库提人</span>所消灭。阿卡德王国崩溃后,苏美尔得以复兴。拉格什也在一位叫做<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">古地亚</span>的国王的统治下非常繁荣富强(或称<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">拉格什第二王朝</span>)。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E4.B9.8C.E5.B0.94.E7.AC.AC.E4.B8.89.E7.8E.8B.E6.9C.9D"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="乌尔第三王朝">乌尔第三王朝</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蛮族库提人摧毁了阿卡德王国,但库提人的统治并不稳固,使得各苏美尔城邦得以短暂复兴。乌鲁克的国王<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌图赫加尔</span>是赶走库提人的英雄。乌图赫加尔的强大,也对拉格什构成威胁。乌图赫加尔让<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">乌尔纳姆</span>镇守<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌尔</span>城,乌图赫加尔死因不详,但是乌尔纳姆在乌尔建都,统一了美索不达米亚,建立了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌尔第三王朝</span>(公元前2111年-公元前2003年),乌尔纳姆开始自称“苏美尔和阿卡德之王”。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">乌尔第三王朝虽然是苏美尔人的王朝,但是与以前的苏美尔城邦不同,它与阿卡德王国或以后的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">巴比伦王国</span>一样,是个强大的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">中央集权制</span>的国家。目前已知人类历史上最早的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">法典</span>,就是《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">乌尔纳姆法典</span>》,虽然只保存下来一些片段。乌尔第三王朝时期也对乌尔城大兴土木,乌尔的神庙遗迹今天仍可供凭吊。王朝末期,王权衰落,各地割据,再加之外来的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阿摩利人</span>不断入侵。最后<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">埃兰</span>人的入侵给乌尔第三王朝以最致命的打击。国王<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">伊比辛</span>(公元前2026年-公元前2004?年在位)兵败被俘。乌尔第三王朝灭亡。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">乌尔第三王朝灭亡后,目前的历史学认为就再也没有苏美尔人建立的政权、苏美尔民族也逐渐从历史上消失,虽然在以后的巴比伦和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">亚述</span>时期,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">苏美尔语</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">楔形文字</span>仍然存在,但苏美尔国家的历史却被当成神话般的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">传说</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人的文明仍然继续承继着。但是苏美尔人却逐渐被遗忘,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">古希腊</span>以及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">犹太人</span>的文献中从来没有提到过苏美尔人。有关苏美尔人的文明及其历史完全是近代考古学的成果。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.B2.A1.E8.90.BD"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="没落">没落</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">随着周边势力的发展,苏美尔人渐渐失去了他们对美索不达米亚大多数地区政治上的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">霸权</span>地位。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">亚摩利人</span>占领了苏美尔,建立了巴比伦。约前1595年<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">胡里特人</span>在美索不达米亚北部建立了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">米坦尼王国</span>,而巴比伦则控制着美索不达米亚的南部。这两个国家抵挡了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">埃及</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">赫梯王国</span>的进攻。最后赫梯王国打败了米坦尼王国,但被巴比伦打败。前1460年<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">亚述人</span>打败了巴比伦。前1150年左右亚述人又被<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-disambig">伊勒姆人</span>打败。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="经济">经济</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.86.9C.E4.B8.9A.E5.92.8C.E7.8B.A9.E7.8C.8E"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="农业和狩猎">农业和狩猎</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人种植的植物中包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">大麦</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">鹰嘴豆</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">小扁豆</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">黍子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">小麦</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">芜菁</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">枣椰</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">洋葱</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">大蒜</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">苦菜花</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">山葵</span>,他们的牲畜包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">牛</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">绵羊</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">山羊</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">猪</span>。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">家牛</span>是他们主要的负物牲畜,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">驴</span>是主要的运输牲畜。苏美尔人还打鱼和猎鸟。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">农业</span>依靠灌溉系统,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">汲水吊杆</span>、运河、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">水渠</span>、堤坝、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">堰</span>和水库。水渠和运河必须常常修补,清除<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">淤泥</span>。政府有专门管理水渠和运河的人,富人则可以使用他们自己的水渠。由于过度使用,苏美尔人受<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">土壤盐化</span>所苦<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">农民先引运河的河水来淹他们的田地,待水浸泡一段时间之后,将水排掉,用牛来犁田和杀<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">草</span>。再使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">鹤嘴锄</span>来挖地。地干后他们<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">锄</span>地、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">耙</span>地和用铲将土壤松散开来。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">秋季</span>收割,收割时他们三人组成一队。收割后使用碾石分离谷粒和茎,使用打稻棍来分离谷粒及麸皮,最后使用风吹开来分离谷粒和麸皮。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.B4.B8.E6.98.93"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="贸易">贸易</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">考古发现的来自<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">安那托利亚</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">黑曜石</span>、来自<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">阿富汗</span>东北部的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">青金石</span>、来自<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">迪尔蒙</span>(今天的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">巴林</span>)的珠串和一些刻有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">印度河</span>文明的文字的印章说明当时在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">波斯湾</span>沿岸有着很广的贸易网。货币通常是银块或银环,每次交易后都需称其分量。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">吉尔伽美什史诗中提到与遥远国家的贸易来换取美索不达米亚稀少的货物如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">木头</span>。尤其<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">黎巴嫩</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">雪松</span>木获得好评。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">奴隶</span>,但是奴隶不是苏美尔经济的支柱。女奴隶被用来<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">织布</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">印刷</span>、做<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">磨房</span>工和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">搬运</span>工。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的陶瓷上有使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">雪松油</span>画的图案,他们使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">弓钻</span>引火来烤陶瓷。苏美尔的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">石匠</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">首饰</span>匠会加工<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">雪花石膏</span>(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">方解石</span>)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">象牙</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">金</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">银</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">玛瑙石</span>和青金石。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.8A.80.E6.9C.AF"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="技术">技术</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的技术有:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">轮</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">锯</span>、鞣革、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">镯子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">锤子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">鞍</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">钉子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">大头针</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">指环</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">铲子</span>、釜、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">刀</span>、长矛、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">箭</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">剑</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">胶</span>、匕首、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">袋子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">头盔</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">船</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">盔甲</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">火箭筒</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">剑鞘</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">靴子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">拖鞋</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">叉</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">酿酒</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人有三种不同的船:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">皮船是由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">芦苇</span>和动物皮制的。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">帆船</span>使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">沥青</span>来防止水渗入。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">木船有时用人力或畜力拖动。</li></ul><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E5.AD.A6.E6.96.B9.E9.9D.A2"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="数学方面">数学方面</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">为求<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">苏美</span>计算和土地丈量的精确,已有位的概念,以六十进制,如:一分60秒、圆周360度等,依然为今日所沿用。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AD.91"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="建筑">建筑</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">两河平原</span>缺乏<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">石矿</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">树</span>,因此苏美尔的建筑都是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">泥砖</span>造的,砖与砖之间没有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">灰浆</span>或<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">水泥</span>连接。泥砖建筑随时间会损毁,因此它们过一段时间就得被拆除、铲平和重造。随着时间的延续两河平原的城市因此不断抬高。这样的古迹被称为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">台勒</span>(Tell)。在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">中东</span>到处都可以见到这样的古迹。苏美尔人最壮观和最著名的建筑是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">塔庙</span>,它们建筑在巨大的平台上。苏美尔的圆形<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">印章</span>上还有类似于直到不久前伊拉克南部<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沼泽阿拉伯人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marsh Arabs"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">沼泽阿拉伯人</span></span></span>还在使用的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">芦苇</span>造的房子。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的庙和宫殿使用更加复杂的结构和技术如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">支柱</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">密室</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">黏土钉子</span>等。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="军事">军事</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">城墙</span>来保护他们的城市,但是他们的城墙是泥砖做的,因此敌人有充分时间的话可以在围困的时候挖掘墙来导致城墙的倒塌。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的军队主要由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">步兵</span>组成。轻步兵的武器是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">斧</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">匕首</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">矛</span>。正规步兵还配有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">铜</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">盔</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">毡</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">披风</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">皮革</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">裙</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔军队中还有由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">野驴</span>拉的车。这些早期的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig">战车</span>在作战时不很有用,有人认为它们主要用来作为运输工具,但是上面的士兵佩战斧和长矛。苏美尔战车有四个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">轮</span>,上面有两名士兵,由四头野驴拉。车身是一个织成的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">篮子</span>,车轮是实心的。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人使用的远兵器包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">投石索</span>和简单的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">弓</span>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="文化">文化</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔文化有两个中心,南部的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">埃利都</span>和北部的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">尼普尔</span>。这两个中心的文化影响截然不同。尼普尔是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩利尔</span>的圣地。恩利尔是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">阴间</span>的主神。他给予人类的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">咒语</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">魔法</span>可以驱动好鬼和恶鬼。他的领域在一座山里,他的产物生活在地下。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">埃利都则是文化神<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩基</span>的圣地,他是光和善的神,地下的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">淡水</span>的主宰,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">医生</span>和人类的朋友,他为人类带来了艺术、科学、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">工业</span>和文明。据说最早的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">法书</span>是他的产物。埃利都本来是一个海港,它与外界的贸易和各种文化在这里的交流对它的文化的发展无疑起了重要作用。它的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">世界观</span>与它的地理位置有关:它认为大陆是从海水里冒出来的,就像幼发拉底河入海口不断扩大一样。在历史纪录开始以前埃利都的文化就已经与尼普尔的文化交流了。巴比伦似乎是埃利都的一个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">殖民地</span>,而埃利都附近的乌尔则是尼普尔的殖民地,在那里供奉的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">月神</span>是尼普尔的恩利尔的儿子。在两个文化的融合中埃利都的影响似乎占主要地位。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">后期的苏美尔法律保护妇女,而且妇女可以达到相当高的地位,但整个文化里都由男人做主。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人会玩一种叫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">廿格戏</span>的局戏。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E4.B8.8E.E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="语言与文字">语言与文字</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Genealogy_of_Sumero-Akkadian_Gods.jpg/300px-Genealogy_of_Sumero-Akkadian_Gods.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="300" height="225"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">苏美尔─阿卡德神谱</div></div></div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">主条目:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">苏美尔语</span></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔不与任何其他已知语言相近。将苏美尔语与其他语言,尤其是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌拉尔-阿尔泰语系</span>的语言联到一起的企图都没有成功。根据<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·本德森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John D. Bengtson"><span class="ilh-page"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 175, 137); background: none;" class="new">约翰·本德森</span></span></span>的观点<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,苏美尔语可能属于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">德内-高加索语系</span>,目前已知苏美尔语是一种<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">黏着语</span>,也就是说它的词由粘在一起的词段组成。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人发明了一种<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">象形文字</span>,后来这种文字发展为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">楔形文字</span>。这是最古老的已知的人类文字之一。今天已经发掘出来的有上十万苏美尔文章,大多数刻在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">粘土</span>板上。其中包括个人和企业<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">信件</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">汇款</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">菜谱</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">百科全书</span>式的列表、法律、赞美歌、祈祷、魔术<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">咒语</span>、包括数学、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">天文学</span>和医学内容的科学文章。许多大建筑如大型<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">雕塑</span>上也刻有文字。许多文章的多个版本被保留下来了,因为它们经常被复制(比如作为写字练习)。抄写是当时的人唯一的传播文章的方法。闪族语言的人成为美索不达米亚的统治者后苏美尔语依然是宗教和法律的语言。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">即使专家也很难懂苏美尔文字。尤其早期的苏美尔文字非常困难,因为它们经常不包含所有的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">语法</span>结构。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="宗教">宗教</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tleft" style="margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg/220px-Ziggurat_of_ur.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="147"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">接近于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">伊拉克</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">纳西里耶</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">乌尔大神庙</span>。</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美人相信人是为了服侍神而降生的,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">国王</span>是神明在世界上的代理人,人听从神的规劝,否则必因人心从恶而受到惩罚,因此人们建造高耸的塔庙,创造美丽正规的器物来展现神带给人的美好。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的每个城市都有它自己特有的神及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">神学</span>,并且随着时间的变迁人们对神信念的变化,导致人们对神的刻画也发生了变化,苏美尔没有集体的一个宗教。苏美尔人的宗教拥有多神,同时拥有一个主神教。苏美尔人的信仰是最早有记录的信仰,它是后来美索不达米亚<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">神话</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">宗教</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">占星学</span>的源泉。苏美尔人相信地面是一块平板,天空是一个盖。他们相信人死后会成为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">鬼魂</span>不安地永远在阴间游荡。他们的这种信仰还影响了世界上的其他人,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig">怀特海</span>曾说:“我们从两河流域的闪族人那里继承了道德和宗教...”</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的主神是天神<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">安努</span>,安努最重要的伴侣是南部的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩基</span>、北部的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩利尔</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">金星</span>之神<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">伊什塔尔</span>。太阳神叫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">乌图</span>,月神叫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">南娜</span>,母亲神叫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">娜姆</span>,此外还有上百小神。每个神与一个城市相连。这些神的重要性也随着这些城市政治上的兴衰而变化。人是神用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">粘土</span>做的,其目的在于服务神。假如神发怒的话他们就使用地震或风暴来惩罚人。苏美尔人认为人只有在神的怜悯下才能生存。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">神庙</span>由一个中心大厅组成,两侧有通道,通道外侧是祭司们住的地方。在大厅的一侧有一个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-disambig">高台</span>,台上有一个供奉<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">动物</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蔬菜</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">牺牲品</span>的泥砖桌。粮仓和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">仓库</span>一般位于神庙附近。后来苏美尔人开始将神庙建筑在四方形的高台上。这些高台不断提高,形成了塔庙。</p><h4 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 15.008px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.86.A5.E7.95.8C.E7.9A.84.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="冥界的概念">冥界的概念</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h4><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美传统中的“冥界”正式名称为“阿普斯”(Apzu/Apsu),Ap/Ab在苏美语中是深渊,“阿普苏”在苏美神话中的意思就是“流着清洌泉水的地下湖”。“淡水深渊之神”阿普斯原为初六代的苏美神祇之一,与雌龙蒂雅玛特是一对,却在灭世战争的时候被水神恩基监禁于地下至死,从此化身成了冥界。统治阿普斯的神有很多种说法,有人说是水之神<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">恩基</span>,也有人说是月神<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">南娜</span>的情人杜姆兹(全名为杜姆兹·阿普苏)或是姐姐<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">埃列什基伽勒</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">恩基的说法可能来自于他在灭世战时将阿普斯监禁至死,所以恩基的守护城市埃利都被认为就是阿普斯的原型。<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">埃列什基伽勒</span>比较特别,不但确实居住在阿普斯里,而且不能够离开阿普斯到人间去,其他的神也没办法进入阿普斯,因为一旦死亡就不能再回到人间(伊南娜故事中的角色却例外)。而杜姆兹则是在《伊南娜与杜姆兹》的故事中被抓到阿普斯,每年要和其姐在阿普斯轮流各待六个月。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">阿普斯中的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">地狱</span>,肮脏阴暗,充满了恶魔鬼怪。无论是神或是人,死了以后都会依据生前的作为,在“阿普斯”中得到不同的待遇。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E9.81.97.E4.BA.A7"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="遗产">遗产</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: none; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="font-size: 13.207px; float: right; clear: right; width: 22em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em;"><tbody><tr><th style="padding: 2px 0.4em; font-size: 19.1502px; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center; background: rgb(246, 230, 174);"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="mw-redirect">古代美索不达米亚</span></th></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="image"><img alt="Babylonlion.JPG" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/190px-Babylonlion.JPG" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="218" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="190" height="167"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;">地理<span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle0" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="text-decoration: inherit; color: inherit; background: none; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; white-space: nowrap;">苏美尔</a><span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle1" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame2" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">巴比伦</span><span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle2" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame3" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;">亚述</span><span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle3" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;" class="mw-redirect">迦勒底人</span><span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle4" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;">年表<span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle5" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding: 0px 0.1em 0.4em;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame6" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12.5467px;"><div class="NavHead" style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: rgb(246, 230, 174); position: relative; cursor: pointer; font-size: 13.174px; text-align: center; padding-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px;">语言<span class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle6" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px;">显示▼</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: right; font-size: 15.1881px; padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; font-weight: normal;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="margin: 0px; display: inline; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; text-decoration: none; font-variant: small-caps;"></abbr></span><br></li></ul></div><br></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">苏美尔人的许多<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">发明</span>对后来的技术和文化的发展是非常重要的。有些人认为他们发明了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">轮</span>。他们发明的文字是目前已知的最早的文字书写系统之一。他们是最早的纪录<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">天文学</span>现象的人。他们引入了将小时分为60<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">分钟</span>,每分钟分60秒的计时系统。有可能他们发明了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">军事</span>阵列。他们在古代美所不达米亚引入了密集的农业。许多重要的农作物和牲畜(羊、牛)从这里扩展出去。因此苏美尔人是早期最有创造性和发明精神的人类文化之一。</p></div></div></div>
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