天津的大伙伴 发表于 2020-9-11 21:35:49

托马斯·爱迪生

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" lang="zh-Hans-CN">托马斯·爱迪生<span class="mbox-text-span" style="user-select: text !important;"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible" style="user-select: text !important; width: 836px; margin: 0.2em 0px;"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="user-select: text !important; margin-top: 0.3em;"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation" style="font-size: 15.008px; user-select: text !important; margin-top: -1px; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 1.6em !important; border: none; background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; width: auto; display: block; padding: 0px !important;"><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td class="mbox-text" style="user-select: text !important; border: none; padding: 0px !important; width: 708px; margin: 0px !important;"><span class="mbox-text-span" style="user-select: text !important; display: list-item; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; list-style-image: url(&quot;data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQANAIAAAGOMnP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAFAA0AAAIJjI+pu+APo4SpADs=&quot;);"><b style="user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect"></span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"></span></b><span class="hide-when-compact" style="user-select: text !important;"></span></span><br></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></span></h1><div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content" style="position: relative; z-index: 0; font-size: 0.938em; line-height: 1.6; user-select: text !important; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr; user-select: text !important;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><div class="mw-parser-output" style="user-select: text !important;"><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="font-size: small; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; user-select: text !important; border-spacing: 3px; width: 22em; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em;" cellspacing="3"><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 16.25px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="fn" style="user-select: text !important;"><br style="user-select: text !important;"></span></th></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="Thomas Edison2.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Thomas_Edison2.jpg/220px-Thomas_Edison2.jpg" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="3696" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="220" height="282"></span><div style="user-select: text !important;">爱迪生的照片(约1922年)</div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">出生</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="nickname" style="user-select: text !important;">汤玛士·阿尔瓦·爱迪生<br style="user-select: text !important;">Thomas Alva Edison</span><br style="user-select: text !important;">1847年2月11日<br style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="birthplace" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="flagicon" style="user-select: text !important;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" class="thumbborder" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="22" height="12">&nbsp;</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">俄亥俄州</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">米兰</span></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">逝世</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">1931年10月18日(84岁)<br style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="deathplace" style="user-select: text !important;"><span class="flagicon" style="user-select: text !important;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" class="thumbborder" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="22" height="12">&nbsp;</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">纽泽西州</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">西奥兰治</span></span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">国籍</th><td class="category" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><span class="flagicon" style="user-select: text !important;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" class="thumbborder" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="22" height="12">&nbsp;</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国</span></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">教育程度</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;">自学;<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">库伯联盟学院</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th scope="row" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: left; white-space: nowrap;">配偶</th><td style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top;"><div class="plainlist" style="user-select: text !important;"><ul style="list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; line-height: inherit;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/爱迪生" style="user-select: text !important;"><span itemprop="spouse" style="user-select: text !important;">玛丽·史迪威</span>(1871年-1884年结婚)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span itemscope="" itemtype="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/爱迪生" style="user-select: text !important;"><span itemprop="spouse" style="user-select: text !important;">米娜·米勒</span>(1886年-1931年结婚)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><th colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">签名</th></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" style="user-select: text !important; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="Thomas Alva Edison Signature.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg/150px-Thomas_Alva_Edison_Signature.svg.png" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="71" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important;" width="150" height="38"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><b style="user-select: text !important;">托马斯·阿尔瓦·爱迪生</b>(英语:<span style="user-select: text !important;" lang="en"><b style="user-select: text !important;">Thomas Alva Edison</b></span>,1847年2月11日-1931年10月18日),<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">科学家</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">发明家</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">企业家</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">工程师</span>,拥有众多重要的发明<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">专利</span>,被传媒授予“<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">门洛帕克</span>的奇才”称号的他,是世界上第一个使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">大量生产</span>原则和其工业研究实验室来进行发明创造的人。他也是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">库伯联盟学院</span>的杰出校友。爱迪生说无雨塘好帅,想要整天睡午觉。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生的发明物包括:对世界极大影响的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">留声机</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">活动电影摄影机</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">直流电力系统</span>等最为人知。在美国,爱迪生名下拥有1093项专利,而他在美国、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">英国</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">法国</span>和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">德国</span>等国的专利数累计超过150项<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。他一生最伟大的两项专利一项为留声机,它可以保留并播放声音, 另外一项专利倍受争议,那就是世人所熟知的电灯,通过六年的漫长法庭斗争最后以爱迪生成功获得专利告终。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1892年,爱迪生创立今日美国的知名能源产品集团<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">通用电气公司</span>。1908年,他再创立“Motion Picture Patents Company(一般所知为Edison Trust)”,一家由九个主要电影工作室组成的企业集团。1900年代初期,爱迪生在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">佛罗里达州</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">麦尔兹堡</span>买了一套别墅,汽车龙头<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">亨利·福特</span>就住在这间别墅的对面,他也是爱迪生的好友。二十世纪两大工业龙头的居所,后已成为纪念馆“Edison and Ford Winter Estates”,开放供民众参观。</p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 14.2576px; display: table; user-select: text !important;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="user-select: text !important; direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="user-select: text !important; text-align: center; direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 14.2576px; font-weight: bold; user-select: text !important; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">目录</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 13.4021px; user-select: text !important;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); user-select: text !important;"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">生平</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">创业</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">婚姻</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">门洛帕克实验室</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; user-select: text !important; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">辉煌的年代</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">碳精电极电话拾音器</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">传送方式之争</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">4.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">工作伙伴</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">政治、宗教和形而上学观点</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生与好莱坞历史</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">金钱观</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">争议</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">参考文献</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; user-select: text !important;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; user-select: text !important;">外部链接</span></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="生平" style="user-select: text !important;">生平</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg/220px-Young_Thomas_Edison.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1097" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="265"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">童年时期的爱迪生</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">托马斯·爱迪生出生在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">俄亥俄州</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">米兰</span>,塞缪尔·奥尔登·爱迪生(Samuel Ogden Edison,1804-1896年)和南西·马修斯·艾略特(Nancy Matthews Elliott,1810-1871年)的第七个儿子,家族为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">荷兰</span>移民。他的父亲塞缪尔不久之前在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">加拿大</span>开创了一所<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">餐厅</span>,后来因为加入<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">革命军</span>而被通缉,于是逃到了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国</span>米兰镇,转营<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">木材</span>生意<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;而爱迪生的母亲南西曾经在加拿大当过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">小学</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">教师</span>,但结婚后就没有再执教鞭,当了全职的家庭主妇。由于患病,爱迪生较晚才开始接受学校教育。天真的他爱发问、爱动脑子,曾有一次,他在家突然想到,既然<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">母鸡</span>能孵蛋,他也能孵蛋。于是,他就拿了一颗鸡蛋,自己坐上去。正因为他这样的习惯,令学校老师大为恼火,并称他为“臭蛋”(addled)。爱迪生的母亲南西毅然地把儿子带回家,并用自己的方法教导爱迪生知识,同时鼓励他学习和做科学实验,这使得爱迪生只接受过三个月的学校教育。他之后回忆道:“我的母亲是我成功的因素,她是很真诚的,我十分肯定;并且我感到我需要为某事生存,我不能使她失望。”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">他很多知识是来自<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">R.G.柏加</span>的《<i style="user-select: text !important;">School of natural philosophy</i>》。爱迪生15岁那年开始患有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">重听</span>的毛病,据说是因为他在火车上做实验,他尝试去制作火药,差点引爆火车,后来火车管理员因为这件事而扇了他的耳光,结果令爱迪生<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">耳聋</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。 爱迪生在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">密歇根州</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">休伦港</span>的生活甜中带苦。他在往来于休伦港和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">底特律</span>之间的火车上当报童,售卖报纸和糖果点心。他从火车碰撞中救了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">吉米·马肯斯</span>。吉米的父亲、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">芒特克莱门斯</span>站站长J.U.马肯斯很感激爱迪生,于是培训了他成为电报员。爱迪生的耳聋使他能够忽略坐在他旁边的电报员发出的噪声。他的一些最早期的发明与电子电信有关,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">证券报价机</span>。爱迪生在1868年10月28日申请并于1869年6月1日获得了他的第一个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">专利</span>——<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电子投票计数器</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.89.B5.E6.A5.AD" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="創業" style="user-select: text !important;">创业</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 182px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg/180px-Edison_and_phonograph_edit2.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3327" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="180" height="227"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">托马斯·爱迪生与他早期发明的留声机</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生在新泽西州的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">纽华克</span>开始了他作为一位发明者的事业,他改进了自动中继器和其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">电传</span>设备,但首先使他获得名望的发明是1877年的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">留声机</span>。这项令公众意想不到的成就,看上去几乎不可思议。因为在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">新泽西州</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">门洛帕克</span>建立实验室,他被称为“门洛帕克的奇才”,而他同时也住在那里。他的第一台锡箔圆筒记录留声机音质低落,并且在重播期间会毁坏轨道,以至于仅能听几次。在19世纪80年代,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">贝尔</span>、Chichester Bell和Charles Tainter设计了一个打蜡上漆的纸板圆筒模型。这是爱迪生持续制造他的“留声机”的一个原因。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.A9.9A.E5.A7.BB" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="婚姻" style="user-select: text !important;">婚姻</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 162px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thomas_Edison%2C_1878.jpg/160px-Thomas_Edison%2C_1878.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="2167" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="160" height="241"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">1878年的爱迪生</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1871年12月25日爱迪生与相识才2个月的玛丽·史迪威结婚,当时爱迪生24岁,玛丽16岁。在十三年的婚姻生活中,他们共生了三个孩子:玛丽昂·艾丝泰儿·爱迪生、小托马斯-阿尔瓦·爱迪生和威廉·雷斯里·爱迪生。玛丽于1884年8月9日去世。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">在19世纪80年代,爱迪生在佛罗里达州<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">麦尔兹堡</span>购买物业,并且建造的“森密诺尔小屋”作为避寒的别墅。汽车巨头<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">亨利·福特</span>的避寒的别墅就在爱迪生的别墅几百英尺的地方。爱迪生对汽车行业也有很大的贡献。他们的友谊一直维持到爱迪生去世。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1886年2月24日,39岁的爱迪生在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">俄亥俄州</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">阿克伦</span>城与19岁的米娜·米勒结婚。他们也有三个孩子:马德琳・爱迪生、查尔斯·爱迪生(爱迪生去世后接手了公司,并且参选了新泽西的州长)和西奥多·爱迪生。米娜于1947年8月24日过世,卒于80岁。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E9.96.80.E6.B4.9B.E5.B8.95.E5.85.8B.E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C.E5.AE.A4" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="門洛帕克实验室" style="user-select: text !important;">门洛帕克实验室</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto; background-color: transparent; float: left; clear: left;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 302px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG/300px-Menlo_Park_Laboratory.JPG" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1819" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="300" height="240"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">爱迪生的门洛帕克实验室,迁至在Dearborn,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">麻省理工学院</span>的Greenfield</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生的主要发明诞生在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">新泽西州</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">门洛帕克实验室</span>。它是世上第一个设立以专门用于技术革新和改善现有技术为目的的机构。虽然许多雇员根据他们的专业方向开展研究工作,并取得辉煌的成果,但在法律上大多发明专利归爱迪生本人。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">威廉·约瑟·哈默</span>,一位资深的电气工程师, 在1879年12月开始在爱迪生的公司作实验员。他在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">电话</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">留声机</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">电路</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">铁矿石分离器</span>和电照明设备等发明中作出重大贡献,并且参与了其他产品和技术开发。然而,哈默主要是负责测试和纪录白炽电灯设备。1880年,他被任命为“爱迪生灯”项目的总工程师。在他上任的第一年,工厂在总经理<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">Francis Robbins Upton</span>领导之下造了5万盏灯。根据爱迪生的说法,哈默是“白炽电照明设备的先驱”。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生名下的大多数专利是公共专利,在爱迪生的一生中,被专利保护了17年的发明有电子、机械或化学制品,大约十二个是外观设计专利,一个装饰设计亦被保护了14年。但是大多数的发明不是完全原创的,而是改善已被发明但仍不完善的产品。少数原创的包括留声机,留声机专利是史无前例的第一个设备,能够记录和回放声音。爱迪生没有发明第一个电灯泡,而是发明了第一个能实际应用于商业的白炽灯。几个设计方案已由更早的发明者提出了,包括他从亨利·伍德沃德、马修·伊凡斯、摩西·G·法马、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">约瑟夫·斯万</span>、詹姆斯·堡文·连特西、威廉·索亚、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">汉弗里·戴维</span>和亨利·高堡购买的专利。但是这些发明者的产品都有些缺点,像寿命极短、生产费用高等,仅适合来满足实验室测试。1878年,爱迪生应用了碳化的纤维细丝作为发光材料(英国发明家<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">约瑟夫·斯万</span>在此之前已经使用),大大延长了灯泡寿命。爱迪生吸收了这些旧设计的优点,开始大规模制造灯泡。更早的发明者,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">亚历山大·伏打</span>在1800年开创了电照明的先河,在实验室,他用一根发光的导线示范了电可以用作光源,爱迪生将这一想法商业化,并且通过大量供应可以相对持久使用的电灯泡,将电照明的概念推广到到家庭和企业,并为电的生产和传输设计了一个完整系统。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">门洛帕克实验室有可能负责爱迪生1874年发明的“四倍通信机”(可用同一根导线同时送四个信号通信机)的销售。当爱迪生要求<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">西联汇款</span>出价时,西联汇款提供给他一笔远超预期金额的专利费:一万美元。“四倍通信机”是爱迪生试水从商的第一步。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.BC.9D.E7.85.8C.E7.9A.84.E5.B9.B4.E4.BB.A3" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="輝煌的年代" style="user-select: text !important;">辉煌的年代</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);"></span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);"></span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 138px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Light_bulb.png" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="232" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="136" height="232"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">美国专利第223898号,电</div></div></div><table class="mbox-small-left noprint" style="font-size: 13.207px; user-select: text !important; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 1.25em; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left;"><tbody style="user-select: text !important;"><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td class="mbox-image" style="user-select: text !important; border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><br></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="user-select: text !important; border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 220.25px; line-height: 1.1em;"><br></td></tr><tr style="user-select: text !important;"><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="user-select: text !important; border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 282.25px; line-height: 1.1em;"><br></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1878年,爱迪生在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">纽约</span>与几位金融家,包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">J·P·摩根</span>和Vanderbilt家族组建<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生电灯公司</span>。爱迪生在1879年12月31日于门洛帕克做了白炽电灯泡的第一次公开演示。在1880年1月27日,他在美国为此发明申请了专利,他声称:“我们将使电变得便宜,只有富人会烧<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">蜡烛</span>。”<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;"><span title="来源请求开始于2007年7月16日。" style="user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">[来源请求]</span></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">在1883年10月8日,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">美国专利局</span>裁定爱迪生的专利是修改自威廉·索亚的工作,被判无效。诉讼继续了几乎六年,直到1889年10月6日,法官裁决爱迪生的专利是合法的。为避免一场可能与约瑟夫·斯万的法庭斗争,他和斯万在英国建立了一家叫作Ediswan的合资公司销售此发明。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">其他电灯发明者包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">塞尔维亚</span>发明家<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">尼古拉·特斯拉</span>,他想运用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">射频</span>从外部电极在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">特斯拉效应</span>下发射的电波点燃无线电灯泡。他亦计划开发以一根导线将能量由玻璃外壳重新聚焦回电灯泡的中心,再用中心“按钮”散发白炽光点燃电灯泡。虽然特斯拉发明了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">萤光灯</span>,但在这时间爱迪生的设计拥有更高的市场占有率。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生1880年得到了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">直流</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">输电系统</span>的专利,这对电灯的发明非常地重要。第一座电站是1882年建于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">纽约</span>的珍珠街发电站。在1882年9月4日,爱迪生在珍珠街发电站开启了世界的第一个电能传送系统,这个系统提供110<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">伏特</span>的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">直流电</span>(DC)给59名在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">曼哈顿</span>中心的顾客。在1883年1月19日,第一个使用外部导线的规范化的白炽电灯系统在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">新泽西州</span>的Roselle开始了服务。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.A2.B3.E7.B2.BE.E9.9B.BB.E6.A5.B5.E9.9B.BB.E8.A9.B1.E6.8B.BE.E9.9F.B3.E5.99.A8" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="碳精電極電話拾音器" style="user-select: text !important;">碳精电极电话拾音器</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1877年至1878年,爱迪生发明并完善了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">碳精电极麦克风</span>与响铃接收器,这一发明直至20世纪80年代仍被应用于所有电话。在长时间的专利诉讼以后,1892年<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">联邦法庭</span>裁定爱迪生而不是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">爱米尔·贝利纳</span>是碳精电极麦克风的发明者(Josephson,p146)。20世纪20年代,碳精电极麦克风也用于无线电广播和播音工作。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E9.80.81.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E4.B9.8B.E7.88.AD" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="傳送方式之爭" style="user-select: text !important;">传送方式之争</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="font-size: small; user-select: text !important; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-top: 0.8em;">主条目:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电流战争</span></div><div class="thumb tright" style="user-select: text !important; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="user-select: text !important; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 224px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PyramidParthenon.jpg/222px-PyramidParthenon.jpg" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="292" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; user-select: text !important; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="222" height="144"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="user-select: text !important; border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">1897年<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">田纳西州</span>百年博览会,以当时刚刚发明之电灯为装饰。左方可见<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">仿制的帕德嫩神庙</span></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生与有着“交流电之父”之称的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">尼古拉·特斯拉</span>一直在供电系统上有着争端,直到爱迪生死为止都还是不认同交流电。目前的电源供应系统分为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">直流</span>(DC)和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">交流</span>(AC)两种,其中爱迪生为了点亮电灯先发明了直流电(DC),而在爱迪生手下工作的特斯拉则开发了交流电,由于爱迪生始终不认同交流电系统,使得特斯拉愤而出走,找上了<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">乔治·威斯汀豪斯</span>合作,在几个月后于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">匹兹堡</span>建立了一个交流电网,从此爱迪生将特斯拉视为敌人。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">因为直流电在长途传输下会不断的损失,所以每隔一段的距离就要增设发电站,有着诸多缺点和限制,而交流电则可以通过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">变压器</span>升到非常高的电压,用细导线输送,再于目的地降低电压给<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电力</span>用户。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">为了打击对手发明的交流电,爱迪生以交流电电死狗,以让大众对于交流电产生危险的印象,最后甚至参与<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电椅</span>的研发。然而,史上第一位受刑者<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">威廉·凯姆勒</span>却因为电流不足,首次电击仍让其有呼吸,第二次电击让他的皮下血管破裂流血、身体着火却仍然不死。直至第三次电击威廉·凯姆勒才死去,但已是行刑后第8分钟。一位在场目击的记者形容这是“一个可怕吓人的场面,远比绞死还糟”。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; user-select: text !important; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.E4.BC.99.E4.BC.B4" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="工作伙伴" style="user-select: text !important;">工作伙伴</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">法兰克·J·史伯格</span>,一个能干的数学家和前<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">海军军官</span>,被<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="new">爱德华·H·约翰逊</span>于1883年招入爱迪生的公司。史伯格其中一个对爱迪生在门洛帕克实验室的重大贡献是扩展爱迪生数学方法(尽管大众相信爱迪生并没有使用数学,但记录他思想的记事本显露他在数学分析上也是个精明人,例如,确立电光线系统的重要参量,包括电灯电阻,是全仗他老练地分析了“<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">欧姆定律</span>”、“<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">焦耳定律</span>”和<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">经济学</span>。爱迪生的成功经验是整体逼近代替归纳逼近:当现成的理论不存在的时候,通过大量实验获得经验。由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 51, 102); background: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84&quot;) right center no-repeat; user-select: text !important; padding-right: 13px;" class="external text">1883年史伯格加入了专利</span>开始,那可能被认为是一种<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">还原主义</span>的分析方法,可能不再是爱迪生的思维模式。史伯格的重要分析贡献,包括改正爱迪生主要和中央分布供应系统,形成对此的反驳。1884年,其他地区的电的开发引起了史伯格的兴趣,他离开爱迪生并开创了“史伯格电路和马达公司”。不过,以后开发了许多电子发明的史伯格仍然信任曾一起工作的爱迪生。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">另一位爱迪生的得力助手是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">尼古拉·特斯拉</span>。他声称,爱迪生许诺如果他成功改进直流发电机设备便给他50,000<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">美元</span>,几个月以后,当他完成了工作并且要求兑现时,爱迪生说:“当您成为一个完全的美国人,您将会欣赏美式笑话”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>,特斯拉立刻辞职。这则轶事有疑点,因为特斯拉当时的薪金是每个星期18美元,而奖金换算成薪水要53年才能付清,而且这个数额差不多等于公司的创立资本了。特斯拉周薪25美元的要求被拒绝后,他才提出辞职<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。虽然特斯拉之后接受了爱迪生奖,并且高度评价爱迪生是一个发明家和工程师,但是有些口是心非。在爱迪生死后,《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;" class="mw-redirect">时代周刊</span>》对爱迪生的生活做了深入的报道,唯一的负面评价就是来自特斯拉,他说:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="user-select: text !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">他根本就没有什么爱好,所有娱乐概不关心,生活没有最基本的卫生准则。<small style="font-size: 0.857em; user-select: text !important;">(特斯拉有洁癖)</small></p></blockquote><blockquote class="templatequote" style="user-select: text !important; margin-top: 0px; overflow: hidden;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">他用的方法的效率非常得低,经常做一些事倍功半的事情,整体而言,我是一个很不幸的见证人,他如果知道一些起码的理论和计算方法,就能省掉90%力气。他无视初等教育和数学知识,完全信任发明家的直觉和建立在经验上的美国人感觉。</p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">当爱迪生晚年时,曾声称他犯的最大错误是从未尊敬尼古拉·特斯拉<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E3.80.81.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.92.8C.E5.BD.A2.E8.80.8C.E4.B8.8A.E5.AD.A6.E8.A7.82.E7.82.B9" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="政治、宗教和形而上学观点" style="user-select: text !important;">政治、宗教和形而上学观点</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">历史学家保罗·以色列将爱迪生归为“<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">自由思想者</span>”<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。爱迪生受<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">托马斯·潘恩</span>的《理性时代》影响很大。<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_10-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>他为潘恩的“科学自然神论”辩护,称“他被叫做无神论者,但他不是无神论。潘恩认为有一个最高智力者存在,所阐述的理念就是人民常说的神灵”<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_10-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。1910年10月2日,在《纽约时报杂志》采访中,爱迪生称:</p><blockquote style="user-select: text !important;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">我们知道的是自然。我们不知道的是各个宗教里的众神。自然不仁慈、或是存在怜悯、爱。如果神灵制造了我&nbsp;— 我说的传说中神灵所拥有的三种特质:慈悲、温柔、仁爱&nbsp;— 他也制造了鱼供我捕获食用。那么,他对那条鱼的慈爱、温柔和仁爱在哪里?不对;自然制造了我们&nbsp;— 自然做了所有的工作&nbsp;— 而不是各个宗教中的众神。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">爱迪生因上述言论被指责为无神论者,但他没有让自己卷入这一公共争论当中,在私信当中,他这样阐述:</p><blockquote style="user-select: text !important;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">你误会我整篇文章了,因为你断章取义,否认神灵存在。我没有否认,只是你说的神灵我叫自然,是最高智力主宰,统治世界。所有文章所说的是,我怀疑如果我们的智能、或灵魂、或怎么说这个本体都行,在离散后再次回来,就会散布在我们制造的细胞里。<sup id="cite_ref-Israel_10-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">他也说:“我不相信神学家说的神灵;但是最高智能我不怀疑。”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">非暴力</span>是爱迪生的核心道德观。当在一战时应邀成为海军顾问时,爱迪生称自己只为防御武器效力,日后称:“我从未引发杀人武器,很自豪。”爱迪生非暴力哲学也延伸到了动物,称:“非暴力是最高的道德境界,是所有进化的目标。在我们停止伤害其它生命前,我们都是野蛮的。”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>然而,1888年爱迪生用直流和交流电杀狗来证明前者(他在其中投资)比后者(竞争对手<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">乔治·威斯汀豪斯</span>)更安全而臭名昭著<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1889年,在行刑问题上,爱迪生成功地将直流电替代了交流电作为电椅动力。由于威斯汀豪斯被决议激怒,他引述宪法第八号修正案来建议用电椅处决死刑犯,最终导致爱迪生提供动力,证明电刑是一种无痛的处决方式<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">1920年,爱迪生成为媒体焦点,称他向《美国杂志》的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">伯蒂·查尔斯·福布斯</span>透露自己正在制作“灵魂电话”,能与逝者沟通。该故事被媒体广为传播<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。日后,爱迪生否决了这一观点,在1926年告诉《纽约时报》称:“我什么都没得说,但是又不想让他失望,就胡编了个故事说什么与灵魂交流,这不过是个笑话。”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.84.9B.E8.BF.AA.E7.94.9F.E8.88.87.E5.A5.BD.E8.90.8A.E5.A1.A2.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="愛迪生與好萊塢歷史" style="user-select: text !important;">爱迪生与好莱坞历史</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">曾经有人向爱迪生建议设计银幕投影的电影放映机,却被爱迪生拒绝了:“不,如果我们设计银幕机器,它将破坏所有东西。我们制造这些观看孔机器销量很大,获利丰厚。如果我们研制银幕机器,可能整个美国只需要10台。通过大银幕机器你可以为全国人播放电影——然后就结束了。”<span>&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-打電玩學歷史:你所不知道的奸商愛迪生與好萊塢歷史_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-愛迪生的瘋狂成就了好萊塢_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E9.87.91.E9.92.B1.E8.A7.82" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="金钱观" style="user-select: text !important;">金钱观</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">托马斯·爱迪生呼吁美国货币改革。他尖锐地反对金本位和债务。《纽约时报》引述了他著名的一句话:“黄金是尤利乌斯·凯撒的遗迹,而利息则是撒旦的发明。(Gold is a relic of Julius Caesar, and interest is an invention of Satan.)”<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">在同一篇文章中,他抨击美国货币系统,称纳税人被迫需贷款纳税时,因为利息就得还两倍,甚至是更高的钱。他的基本要点是如果政府可以生产以债务为基础的货币,就同样可以生产以纳税人信用为基础的货币<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_20-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">他在1921-1922年就金钱问题想了很多。在1922年5月,他出版了建议,题目为《就联邦贮备银行系统的修正建议》。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>在其中,他细细地阐述了基于商品的货币,美联储可以根据他们所生产的商品价值来向农民发送无息货币。在公共巡讲中,他与发明家亨利·福特一道公开了自己对货币改革的意向。就问题而言,他与知名学者和银行专家一道合作。但在最后,爱迪生的倡议没有得到支持,以失败告终<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; user-select: text !important; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E7.88.AD.E8.AD.B0" style="user-select: text !important;"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="爭議" style="user-select: text !important;">争议</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; user-select: text !important; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-right: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">[</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;">编辑</span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="user-select: text !important; margin-left: 0.25em; color: rgb(84, 89, 93);">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">尽管爱迪生被称为发明之父,但灯泡并非爱迪生发明的,因此至今仍饱受争议。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; user-select: text !important; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px; user-select: text !important;">为了打击对手(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">特斯拉</span>)发明的交流电,爱迪生以交流电电死狗,使大众对于交流电产生危险的印象,借此打压特斯拉,最后他甚至参与<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">电椅</span>的研发。但是,史上第一位受刑者<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; user-select: text !important;">威廉·凯姆勒</span>却因电流不足,首次电击仍让其有呼吸,第二次电击让他的皮下血管破裂流血、身体着火却仍然不死。直至第三次电击威廉·凯姆勒才死去,但已是行刑后第8分钟。一位在场目击的记者形容这是“一个可怕吓人的场面,远比绞死还糟”。</p></div></div></div><p></p>
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