天津的大伙伴 发表于 2020-9-30 21:45:10

站长最讨厌的动物--蟑螂!

<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: visible; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" lang="zh-Hans-CN">蟑螂</h1><div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content" style="position: relative; z-index: 0; font-size: 0.938em; line-height: 1.6; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); font-family: sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><div id="mw-content-text" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox biota" style="font-size: 15.008px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: left; width: 200px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235, 235, 210);">蟑螂</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="Snodgrass common household roaches.png" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Snodgrass_common_household_roaches.png/220px-Snodgrass_common_household_roaches.png" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1780" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" height="277"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 13.207px;">家居常见蟑螂:A:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">德国姬蠊</span>(<i>Blattella germanica</i>)<br>B:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">美洲蜚蠊</span>(<i>Periplaneta americana</i>)<br>C:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">澳洲蜚蠊</span>(<i>Australian cockroach</i>)<br>D和E:雌性和雄性的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">东方蜚蠊</span>(<i>Blatta orientalis</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235, 235, 210);"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">科学分类</span><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size: smaller; float: right; padding-right: 0.4em; margin-left: -3em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><img alt="e" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="16" height="16"></span></span></th></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">界:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">动物界</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Animalia</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">门:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">节肢动物门</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Arthropoda</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">纲:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">昆虫纲</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Insecta</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small style="font-size: 0.857em;">–未分级–</small>:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">双髁类</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Dicondylia</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">亚纲:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">有翅亚纲</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Pterygota</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small style="font-size: 0.857em;">演化支</small>:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">伴翅类</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Metapterygota</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">下纲:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">新翅下纲</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Neoptera</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small style="font-size: 0.857em;">演化支</small>:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">复新翅类</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Polyneoptera</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">总目:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">网翅总目</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Dictyoptera</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">目:</span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>蜚蠊目 Blattodea</b></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235, 235, 210);"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-disambig">科</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">匍蜚蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Blaberidae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">姬蜚蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Blattellidae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蜚蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Blattidae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">隆背蜚蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Polyphagidae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">穴蜚蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Nocticolidae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">工蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Tryonicidae</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">辉蠊科</span><span>&nbsp;</span>Lamproblattidae</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>蟑螂</b>是一种有着数亿年<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">演化</span>历史的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">杂食性</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">昆虫</span>。过往泛指所有属于“<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蜚蠊目</span>”(<span lang="la">Blattodea</span>)的昆虫,目前已发现大约有4100多种,与人类的食性重叠,而只有部分蟑螂才会进入到人类的家居,它们被称为“家栖蟑螂”,它们<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">繁殖</span>力强,在人类家居栖身及觅食的同时,因家栖蟑螂长期生活在被人类污染的环境中,导致它们身上会携带一些细菌,因此蟑螂被普遍认为是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">害虫</span>。虽然蟑螂不受欢迎,但在自然食物链中蟑螂是分解净化者,而在历史上有过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">东亚</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">东南亚</span>等地居民食用蟑螂的纪录,在中国也有用“土鳖”做中药的记录。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">以现代的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">生物分类学</span>,蟑螂约有4000种,其中约有数十种被认为是害虫。除了其中大约有数十种会入侵人类家居,又有数种作为人类<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">宠物</span>饲养及宠物粮食外,绝大部分品种只能在野外山涧树林或昆虫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">博物馆</span>中见到。家居最常见的蟑螂,大的有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">美洲蟑螂</span>(<i>Periplaneta americana</i>)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">澳洲蟑螂</span>(<i>Periplaneta australasiae</i>)及短翅的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">斑蠊</span>(<i>Neostylopyga rhombifolia</i>);小的有体长约15 mm的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">德国小蠊</span>(<i>Blattella germanica</i>)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">日本姬蠊</span>(<i>Blattella bisignata</i>)及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">亚洲姬蠊</span>(<i>Blattella asahinai</i>),热带地区的蟑螂一般比较巨大。家居蟑螂普遍夜行及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">畏光</span>,野外蟑螂因品种而异,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">趋光性</span>有正亦有负。</p><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); padding: 7px; font-size: 14.2576px; display: table;"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="direction: ltr; position: absolute; opacity: 0; z-index: -1; display: none;"><div class="toctitle" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center; direction: ltr;" lang="zh-Hans-CN"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border: 0px; font-size: 14.2576px; font-weight: bold; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.3; display: inline;">目录</h2><span class="toctogglespan" style="font-size: 13.4021px;"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);"></label></span></div><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">命名</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">生物学和医学</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">致病源</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">天敌</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">角色</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">2.4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">特性</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">生态</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">生活周期</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">存活力</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">机械拟态</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">抗药性</span></span><ul style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px; list-style-type: none; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">4.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">抗药性措施</span></span></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">用途</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">参见</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">参考文献</span></span></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(32, 33, 34); padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">延伸阅读</span></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="命名">命名</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">“蟑螂”有很多名称,例如油虫,正式名称为“<b>蜚蠊</b>”,而根据不同品种,又有“<b>老蟑</b>”、“<b>大蠊</b>”、“<b>小蠊</b>”、“<b>光蠊</b>”、“<b>蔗蠊</b>”、“<b>土鳖</b>”等名称或种名。粤语称之为“<b>曱甴</b>”(<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">粤拼</span>:<span lang="en">gaat<sup style="line-height: 1;">6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>zaat<sup style="line-height: 1;">6-2</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>)。具体见下:</p><table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 15.008px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: rgb(32, 33, 34); margin: 1em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;">汉语系</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;">蟑螂</th><th style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); text-align: center;">读音</th></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">古汉语</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">蜚翠</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><br></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">湖北</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">灶蚂子</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">zàomā·zi</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">湘语</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">四川话</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">偷油婆</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><br></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">赣语</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">蚻(<mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源" style="background-color: rgb(234, 236, 240); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: -0.3em 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px;">甴</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span title="来源请求开始于2015年9月8日。" style="white-space: nowrap;">[来源请求]</span></span></sup>)、巴子</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">tshat(蚻)</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">吴语</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><br></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">tshoh khah</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">古越语</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">虼蚱、虼蠽、胶蚻、蟉蠽</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><br></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">现代<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">闽南语</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">虼蚻<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">ka-tsua̍h</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">闽东语</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">福州话</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">胶蚻</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">gă-săk</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">粤语</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">曱甴(亦误作甴曱)<span>&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span lang="yue-latn-jyutping">gaat<sup style="line-height: 1;">6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>zaat<sup style="line-height: 1;">6-2</sup></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">客家<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">四县腔</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">黄蚻<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">vongˇ cad</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">客家<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">海陆腔</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">蜞蚻<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">ki cadˋ</td></tr><tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">粤语</span>戏称</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">小强</span>、阿强</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><br></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.AD.B8.E5.92.8C.E9.86.AB.E5.AD.B8"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="生物學和醫學">生物学和医学</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right;"><div class="thumbinner" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); padding: 3px; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250); font-size: 14.1075px; text-align: center; overflow: hidden; width: 222px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baltic_amber_inclusions_-_Cockroach_%28Pterygota%2C_Neoptera%2C_Dictyoptera%2C_Blattodea%29.JPG/220px-Baltic_amber_inclusions_-_Cockroach_%28Pterygota%2C_Neoptera%2C_Dictyoptera%2C_Blattodea%29.JPG" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" style="border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle; background-color: rgb(248, 249, 250);" width="220" height="165"></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; font-size: 13.2611px; text-align: left;">一个含有蟑螂的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">波罗的海</span><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">琥珀</span>,至少有4千万至5千万年的历史</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蟑螂是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">杂食性</span>的,拥有科学家所称之“不特化”的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">口器</span>。这使得它们能够生存在人类四周,很容易就能在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">厨余垃圾</span>中找到食物。泼掉的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">食物</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">垃圾</span>以及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">下水道</span>里的污物都能够吸引蟑螂,而它们甚至能够取食书上的粘合剂乃至<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">邮票</span>上的糨糊。它们虽然不叮咬人类,但医学昆虫学家曾发现过它们以人类的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">指甲</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">睫毛</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">头发</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">皮肤</span>、手脚上的老茧甚至睡着的人脸上的食物残渣为食。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.87.B4.E7.97.85.E6.BA.90"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="致病源">致病源</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蟑螂穿梭于人类、食物和垃圾之间意味着它们可能会传播多种疾病的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">病原体</span>,包括:<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">麻风分枝杆菌</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">伤寒杆菌</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">痢疾内变形虫</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">鼠疫杆菌</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">钩虫</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">肠病毒</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">肝炎病毒</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">葡萄球菌</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">大肠杆菌</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">沙门氏菌</span>以及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">链球菌</span>。当它们进食的时候,经常会从嗉囊里反刍出一点食物,留下少量上一餐吃的东西,好吃下更多新鲜的食物。它们在移动和进食的时候还会排便,从体后掉下的褐色的微小排泄物和辣椒末一样大,这都使得蟑螂能够轻易传播疾病。1960年代,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">UCLA</span>的研究者发现在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">南加州</span>的卡梅丽塔斯国民住宅小区通过统一药杀蟑螂后,几乎消灭了这个小区原本高发的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">甲型肝炎</span>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">家居的蟑螂的身体上带有大量的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">过敏原</span>,约50%<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">哮喘</span>病患者对蟑螂过敏。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">就像很多其他昆虫一样,蟑螂的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">中枢神经</span>不在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">头部</span>,它的生命力十分顽强,蟑螂就算被去除头部后也可以活动至一星期长的时间才死去。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E6.95.B5"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="天敵">天敌</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蟑螂的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">天敌</span>有<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">壁虎</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蜘蛛</span>(最常见的为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">白额高脚蛛</span>)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蝎子</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蜈蚣</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蚰蜒</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">蚂蚁</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蟾蜍</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蜥蜴</span>等。对其种群数量起控制作用的天敌是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">膜翅目</span>的蜂类,包括捕食性天敌<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">长背泥蜂科</span>(Ampulicidae,最知名的为<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">扁头泥蜂</span>),以及寄生性天敌<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">旗腹姬蜂科</span>(Evaniidae)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">跳小蜂科</span>(Encyrtidae)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">旋小蜂科</span>(Eupelmidae)、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">姬小蜂科</span>(Eulophidae)等等。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>另外,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">家猫</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">螽斯</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">猴子</span>及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">老鼠</span>也偶会捕食蟑螂。蟑螂除了上述的天敌,讨厌蟑螂、把其大量杀灭的人类亦可算是蟑螂的另类天敌。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="角色">角色</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">某些蟑螂在生态上属于“清除者”的角色,亦有一些是其他动物的食物来源。某些品种的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">卵</span>在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">澳洲</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">泰国</span>、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">日本</span>及<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">美国</span>都被认为是高蛋白食品;而<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">中华真地鳖</span>是沿用已久的中药,主治<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">月经</span>闭止、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">乳汁</span>不通、筋骨折伤、<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">瘀血</span>痛肿等病症<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">美国<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">德州大学</span>生物学教授指出,大多数种类的蟑螂靠腐败的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">有机物</span>维生,这些物质里含有大量<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">氮</span>元素,蟑螂食用这些有机物后,会透过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">粪便</span>把含<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">氮</span>有机物排放到<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">土壤</span>中,再由<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">植物</span>利用。假如蟑螂灭绝,将对地球的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">氮循环</span>造成严重破坏。<span>&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="特性">特性</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蟑螂的脚会分泌直径<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">微米</span>级(10的负六<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">次方</span>)的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">油脂</span>,靠<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">油</span>脂<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">表面张力</span>产生的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">毛细现象</span>顺利爬上爬下,所以能攀爬<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">墙</span>面不掉落。<sup id="cite_ref-news_2013_Cockroach_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.85.8B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="生態">生态</span></h2><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E9.80.B1.E6.9C.9F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="生活週期">生活周期</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蟑螂是繁殖力很强的动物,一对德国小蠊一年可繁殖成为十万只后代。平常其卵在卵荚内需要15天才能孵化出来,刚刚孵化的蟑螂是乳白色(某些种类蟑螂刚孵化出来时的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">幼虫</span>则是透明或半透明的)的无翅<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">若虫</span>。若虫取食不久,因<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">昆虫</span>是<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">外骨骼</span>的动物,要长大就必须要脱皮,一龄若虫大概1至2星期后再行第二次脱皮,等到第3次或者4次脱皮以后,就可以看见<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">翅芽</span>,但要达到性成熟之成虫阶段,平均德国小蠊都要经过6-7次脱皮。而美国蟑螂则要脱皮10-12次才行。蟑螂的生长、脱皮次数和气候因素、食物的获得,有着密切的关系,一般德国小蠊可在2-3个月内完成生活周期,是属于<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">不完全变态</span>或称<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">渐进变态</span>的昆虫。</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E5.AD.98.E6.B4.BB.E5.8A.9B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="存活力">存活力</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">昆虫学家发现12种蟑螂可以靠<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">浆糊</span>活一个星期,美国蟑螂光喝水可以活一个月,若什么都没有可以活三个星期<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">另外,蟑螂亦可以闭气达45分钟。亦可以减慢<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">心跳</span>,降低<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">新陈代谢</span>以延长生命。<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"><span title="来源请求开始于2017年7月12日。" style="white-space: nowrap;">[来源请求]</span></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">虽然蟑螂比起其他<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">脊椎动物</span>有较高的抗辐射性,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">辐射</span>致命剂量比人类高出6至15倍不等,然而<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig">果蝇</span>的抗辐射性比蟑螂更加高。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>蟑螂的高抗辐射性相信是与<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">细胞</span>周期有关。辐射在细胞分裂的时候会造成较大的伤害。蟑螂只会在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">蜕皮</span>的时候进行细胞分裂,而一个星期之内最多只蜕皮一次。蜕皮大概需要48小时完成。期间若有辐射侵袭,蟑螂的细胞将会受到影响。但并非所有蟑螂皆于同一时间蜕皮,即是说可能有部分蟑螂不受辐射影响。即使蟑螂在蜕皮的时候遭受<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">辐射尘</span>的侵袭,生存率仍然比人类高出很多。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">科学家利用肢解的蟑螂身体及头部进行过很多实验,以探讨一些严肃的议题。例如,蟑螂头部有控制成熟的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">腺体</span>,少了头的身体就不再受到此类<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">激素</span>的影响,这个发现有助于昆虫<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">变态</span>与繁殖现象的研究;而少了身体的头部,则说明昆虫的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">神经元</span>如何发挥功能。蟑螂是一种<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">变温动物</span>,也就是俗称的冷血动物,因此不必耗费能量来维持体温,需要的食物量比人类少很多。美国<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校</span>生理及生化学家康凯尔(Joseph G. Kunkel)说,它们吃一餐就能存活数周,“只要没有天敌出现,它们可以一直待在同一个地方不移动。”<span>&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>天敌家居通常是壁虎</p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.A9.9F.E6.A2.B0.E6.93.AC.E6.85.8B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="機械擬態">机械拟态</span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">蟑螂是一种群体性的动物,现时有机械蟑螂可以影响蟑螂体的活动。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">神经学家Greg Gage与共同创办人Tim Marzullo一同成立Backyard Brains开发团队,致力于研究如何借由无线电子讯号,刺激蟑螂<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">触须</span>上的神经元,以控制蟑螂的行动。在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">TED大会</span>发表的演说,他说:“大家都误解蟑螂了,在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">神经</span>学的领域里,蟑螂对小孩而言可是个活生生的教学教材。”透过<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">远端遥控</span>蟑螂来教导小孩神经学的原理。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>《ROBOCON 国际中文版》2013年3月号,报导<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">台湾大学</span>机械所林沛群的仿生机器人实验室(BioRoLa),主要参考日常生活中的生物“蟑螂”。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E6.8A.97.E8.8D.AF.E6.80.A7"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="抗药性">抗药性</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">在人类用化学药物杀灭之前,植物早就会分泌毒素杀灭害虫了。有大约5000万年进化史的蟑螂,进化出拥有较强的<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">抗药性</span>能力。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">德国小蠊相比于其他类型的蟑螂,它每个<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">卵囊</span>可产生更多的卵、孵化到性成熟的间隔也最短,于是种群数量上升得也最快,突变的类型多,抗药性形成更快<sup id="cite_ref-five_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;雌性一直携带卵夹,有利于卵在卵囊内安全进行胚胎发育<sup id="cite_ref-five_19-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;比很多种类的蟑螂体型更小,可以到达小夹缝中<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;即使雌虫死掉或卵囊提前掉下,在高湿的情况下,卵囊也可存活几小时以上,并正常孵化出若虫。要是有水的话,成虫能在无食物的情况下大约活1个月,但是小若虫在内就会死去。<sup id="cite_ref-five_19-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>因此,德国小蠊是对人类危害最大、抗药性最强的蟑螂物种<sup id="cite_ref-five_19-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">一般来说不可能将蟑螂一次性杀灭,只能将其危害程度降低。<sup id="cite_ref-five_19-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">中国</span>各地长期使用具有广谱杀虫性的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,不少德国小蠊对该类药已经产生了抗性,所以应该慎用此种杀虫剂。<sup id="cite_ref-zmq_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><h3 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold;"><span id=".E6.8A.97.E8.8D.AF.E6.80.A7.E6.8E.AA.E6.96.BD"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="抗药性措施">抗药性措施</span></h3><ul style="list-style-image: url(&quot;/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515&quot;); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">轮换使用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">杀虫剂</span><sup id="cite_ref-spy_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">按照规定的浓度和剂量施用<sup id="cite_ref-spy_22-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。如果超标,可能会加快抗药性的产生<sup id="cite_ref-spy_22-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">复方配制:不但延缓抗药性,还弥补一些药物的缺点<sup id="cite_ref-spy_22-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">为了防止有抗药性的蟑螂扩散,应该在施药地区周围投放毒饵、粉剂等药物,形成一道防护圈。<sup id="cite_ref-zmq_21-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">使用生物手段防治:人工合成性激素<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>、昆虫生长调节剂等<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。<sup id="cite_ref-beijing_25-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>也可使用天敌防治蟑螂:马蜂可将卵产入蜚蠊的卵囊中,然后蜂幼虫吃掉卵囊内含物。然而,由于生物防治的作用速度慢,防治效果差,因此,对城市蜚蠊一般不宜采用<sup id="cite_ref-beijing_25-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">使用物理手段防治:使用诱捕器或电子产品防治,但并没有发现,证明后者在治理中的有效击倒和杀死作用<sup id="cite_ref-beijing_25-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">环境防治:统一组织下清除室内外蟑螂取食和栖息的场所,保持卫生,不给蟑螂留下食物和水源。制作、存放食物的器具,不用时应该用<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">塑料袋</span>包好,或者放在冰箱内保存。<sup id="cite_ref-beijing_25-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup>堵住、修补室内上室内外蟑螂易躲藏的裂缝和缺口。这在装修时尤其应该注意。<sup id="cite_ref-beijing_25-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></li></ul><h2 style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-size: 1.5em; font-weight: normal; font-family: &quot;Linux Libertine&quot;, Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3;"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="用途">用途</span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">《<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;" class="mw-redirect">唐本草</span>》上记载“萤镰,味辛辣而臭,汉中入食之,言下气”。中越边境的少数民族会使用蟑螂来治疗小病以及创伤,<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">白族</span>会将蟑螂捣成泥,敷在<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">疥疮</span>上。用于治疗创伤及溃疡的“康复新液”主要有效成分就是美洲大蠊提取物。其提取物可能还可以用来治疗<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">艾滋病</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">包括<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">南美橙斑蠊</span>在内的数种蟑螂可以用作食虫动物的饲料,而少数的蟑螂,例如<span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(165, 88, 88); background: none;" class="new">马达加斯加发声大蠊</span>则会作为宠物饲养。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none; white-space: nowrap;"></span></sup></p></div></div></div>
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